The effect of preheated versus room-temperature skin disinfection on bacterial colonization during pacemaker device implantation: a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial

Table 2 Bacterial growth at the four time points

Skin disinfection (chlorhexidine 5 mg/mL in 70 % ethanol)	All			Men		Women
	36 °C	20 °C	Absolute difference	36 °C	20 °C	36 °C	20 °C
	n = 106	n = 112	(90 % CI)	n = 62	n = 62	n = 44	n = 50
Before skin disinfection	95.3	96.4		100	100	88.6	92
After skin disinfection^a	28.6	28.6	0 (−0.101 to 0.101)	40.3	43.5	11.6	10
After incision (wound)	24.5	30.4	−0.059 (−0,158 to 0.040)	40.3	45.2	2.3	12
Before wound closure (wound)	53.8	62.5	−0.087 (−0,197 to 0,023)	74.2	82.3	25	38

Proportion of swabs from patients that showed any bacterial growth at the various time points. Data are shown as percentages and absolute difference with confidence intervals (CI)
^aPrimary outcome