The effect of preheated versus room-temperature skin disinfection on bacterial colonization during pacemaker device implantation: a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial

Table 3 Species of bacteria identified

	Culture 1		Culture 2		Culture 3		Culture 4
Microorganism	36 °C	20 °C	36 °C	20 °C	36 °C	20 °C	36 °C	20 °C
	n = 106	n = 112	n = 105	n = 112	n = 106	n = 112	n = 106	n = 112
P. acnes	83	86	25	25	22	29	47	52
CoNS	83	90	2	4	2	6	23	29
S. aureus	2	2	1	1	-	-	-	-
Alpha-haemolytic	9	9	-	-	-	-	-	1
Anaerobic diphtheriod rods	5	3	-	1	1	1	1	1
Bacillus species	2	1	-	-	-	-	-	-
Micrococci	4	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Anaerobic gram-positive cocci	1	2	-	1	1	-	-	3
Proteus sp.	2	-	-	-	-	-	1	-
R. mucilaginosa	-	1	-	-	-	-	-	-

No significant differences between study groups for any microorganism at any time point. Chi-2 test were used as statistical method
Bacterial species identified from swabs taken from patients who received preheated and room-temperature skin disinfectant (chlorhexidine 5 mg/mL in 70 % ethanol) with growth in cultures taken perioperatively; 1) before skin disinfection, 2) after skin disinfection, 3) after incision (wound), and 4) before skin closure (wound)