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Table 6 Perception associated with HAIs and hand hygiene adherence among HCW between departments

From: Intervening with healthcare workers’ hand hygiene compliance, knowledge, and perception in a limited-resource hospital in Indonesia: a randomized controlled trial study

Perception

No. of HCW (%)

Departments with intervention

P value

Department without intervention

P value

Pre (n = 149)

Post (n = 73)

Pre (n = 47)

Post (n = 15)

Formal training on HH within 3 yearsa

107 (71.8)

51 (70.8)

0.875

30 (63.8)

13 (86.7)

0.118

Intention to adhere to HHa

137 (91.9)

70 (95.9)

0.396

45 (95.7)

15 (100.0)

1.000

The impact of a HAIs on a patient’s clinical outcomeb

115 (77.2)

64 (87.7)

0.119

41 (87.2)

14 (93.3)

0.759

Effectiveness of HH in preventing HAIsb

140 (94.0)

65 (89.0)

0.220

41 (87.2)

12 (80.0)

0.674

Importance of HH in the ward among all patient safety issuesb

136 (91.3)

63 (86.3)

0.480

40 (85.1)

14 (93.3)

0.676

Performing HH as WHO recommended methodb

126 (84.6)

62 (84.9)

0.944

45 (95.7)

13 (86.7)

0.244

Importance that the head of department attach to the HH behaviorb

121 (81.2)

61 (83.6)

0.292

41 (87.2)

13 (86.7)

1.000

Importance that the colleagues attach to the HH behaviorb

103 (69.1)

56 (76.7)

0.147

37 (78.7)

13 (86.7)

0.713

Importance that the patients attach to the HH behaviorb

109 (73.2)

49 (67.1)

0.557

37 (78.7)

12 (80.0)

1.000

Effort to perform HH as WHO recommended methodb

135 (90.6)

68 (93.2)

0.768

42 (89.4)

14 (93.3)

0.824

Reasons for HCW not to perform HH on a moment that it is expecteda:

 a) Too much time

12 (8.2)

2 (2.8)

0.151

3 (6.5)

0

1.000

 b) Not enough facilities

27 (19.0)

15 (21.1)

0.718

6 (13.6)

2 (13.3)

1.000

 c) Skin dry or irritated

26 (18.6)

16 (22.5)

0.584

10 (21.7)

2 (14.3)

0.713

 d) Hand-alcohol is not effective for hand hygiene

26 (18.2)

12 (16.9)

1.000

6 (13.3)

1 (6.7)

0.668

 e) Strong smell of hand-alcohol

14 (10.1)

16 (22.9)

0.021

7 (15.2)

1 (7.1)

0.667

 f) The hand-alcohol substance is not convenient (sticky)

25 (17.9)

13 (19.4)

0.848

7 (15.9)

5 (33.3)

0.263

 g) The hand becomes sweaty

27 (19.6)

9 (13.4)

0.331

7 (15.9)

0

0.178

 h) Feeling dirty hand after using hand-alcohol

11 (8.1)

4 (6.0)

0.777

6 (14.0)

1 (7.1)

0.669

Hand hygiene procedure as WHO guidelinea:

 a) Information about five moments for HH is known well

129 (86.6)

67 (91.8)

0.369

45 (95.7)

15 (100.0)

1.000

 b) Information about six steps of HH is known well

146 (98.0)

68 (93.2)

0.134

46 (97.9)

15 (100.0)

1.000

 c) Know when to apply HH

143 (96.0)

69 (94.5)

0.838

46 (97.0)

15 (100.0)

1.000

 d) Know how to apply HH

147 (98.7)

72 (98.6)

0.221

47 (100.0)

15 (100.0)

-

 e) Enough reminders in the ward

121 (81.2)

59 (80.8)

0.998

43 (91.5)

13 (86.7)

0.626

Perception

%

(95% CI)

Departments with intervention

P

Department without intervention

P

Pre

Post

 

Pre

Post

 

Average percentage of hospitalized patients who will develop a HAIs

49.7 (44.9–54.5)

58.6 (52.8–64.4)

0.026

57.7 (51.6–63.8)

64.0 (51.3–76.7)

0.320

Average percentage of situations HCW perform HH when required

69.3 (65.2–73.3)

68.1 (63.4–72.8)

0.736

75.3 (70.0–80.6)

76.3 (62.8–89.9)

0.860

Percentage of situations requiring HH do the HCW actually perform HH, either by handrubbing or handwashing (self-reporting)

85.5 (82.6–88.4)

75.1 (70.5–79.7)

<0.001

81.8 (76.8–86.7)

85.3 (78.8–91.8)

0.425

  1. Abbreviations: HAIs healthcare-associated infections, HH hand hygiene, HCW healthcare workers
  2. a“yes” response; bhigh/very high response