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Table 1 Study characteristics

From: How externalities impact an evaluation of strategies to prevent antimicrobial resistance in health care organizations

Author

Year

Study type

Outcome measured

Results ($US 2016)

Phelps [20]

1989

Economic model

Costs and benefits associated with antimicrobial use in the United States

Unrecognized social cost annually in the US ranging from $145 million to $14.5 billion

Rudholm [21]

2002

Economic Models

Antimicrobial resistance at global level and to design a tax/subsidy system

No empirical analysis used to simulate models

Elbasha [19]

2003

Economic model

Excess burden to society from extra courses of amoxicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanate use, based on Phelps model

Excess burden associated with 40 million prescriptions was $345 million

Smith et al. [17]

2006

Economic model

Evaluating regulation, taxation, tradeable permits on reducing antimicrobial use and level of MRSA

Taxation least effective, free tradeable permit most effective

Kaier and Frank [18]

2010

Economic model

Cost of resistance and of antimicrobial consumption (negative externalities) and use of alcohol based hand rub for hand disinfection (positive externality) on the incidence of hospital-acquired MRSA

Negative externality associated with 2nd generation cephalosporins, 3rd generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and lincosamines ranged $6–17 per DDD

Kaier and Volkswirt [5]

2012

Economic model

Cost of resistance and of antimicrobial consumption (negative externalities) and use of alcohol based hand rub for hand disinfection (positive externality) on the incidence of hospital-acquired MRSA, CDAD, ESBL

Negative externality associated with 3rd gen cephalosporins ($159 per DDD) and fluoroquinolones ($112 per DDD).

Smith & Coast [22]

1998

Description

Conceptual and practical issues of tradeable permits

Identified 7 factors to consider

Coast et al. [13]

1998

Description

Resistance as an externality and policy options (e.g. regulation, taxation, tradeable permits) for dealing with antimicrobial resistance

Strengths and limitations of policy options

  1. MRSA Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, CDAD Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, ESBL extended spectrum beta-lactamase, DDD defined daily dose