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Table 5 Antimicrobial resistance parameters of E. coli isolates from pigs on the small- and medium-scale farms

From: Antimicrobial use and antimicrobial susceptibility in Escherichia coli on small- and medium-scale pig farms in north-eastern Thailand

Antimicrobial

Resistant isolates % (n)

P-value

OR (95% CI)a

Small-scale (n = 69)

Medium-scale (n = 81)

Ciprofloxacin

41 (28)

48 (39)

0.54

 

Nalidixic acid

20 (14)

31 (25)

0.21

 

Gentamicin

11 (8)

7 (6)

0.39

 

Streptomycin

38 (26)

77 (62)

<0.001

5.4 (2.7-11)

Tetracycline

75 (52)

86 (70)

0.09

2.1 (0.9-4.8)

Florfenicol

14 (10)

2 (2)

0.01

0.1 (0.03-0.7)

Chloramphenicol

39 (27)

58 (47)

0.02

2.2 (1.1-4.1)

Colistin

0 (0)

0 (0)

-

-

Sulfamethoxazole

61 (42)

84 (68)

0.002

3.4 (1.6-7.2)

Trimethoprim

42 (29)

70 (57)

<0.001

3.3 (1.7-6.4)

Ampicillin

70 (48)

85 (69)

0.02

2.5 (1.1-5.6)

Cefotaxime

1 (1)

1 (1)

0.9

 

Ceftazidime

4 (3)

4 (3)

0.8

 

Multidrug-resistanceb

74 (51)

89 (72)

0.002

3.7 (1.2-8.8)

  1. Antimicrobial classified as critically important for human medicine according to WHO [22]
  2. aFor the OR estimates, the small-scale farms were used as reference variable and GEE models were used to account for clustering of isolates within farms
  3. bMultidrug-resistance defined as an isolate resistant against at least three different categories of the antimicrobial agents tested