Table 2 Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants in Ambo Hospital, Ambo and Awaro health centers (n = 300)
Socio-demographic variables | Bacterial Culture (%) | Total | X2 | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive = 56 (18.7) | Negative = 244 (81.3) | ||||
Age in years | |||||
 15–24 | 27 (18) | 126 (82) | 153 | 1.359 | 0.51 |
 25–34 | 25 (19) | 109 (81) | 134 |  |  |
 35–44 | 4 (31) | 9 (69) | 13 |  |  |
Gestation stage | |||||
 Second trimester | 23 (16) | 120 (84) | 143 | 1.201 | 0.27 |
 Third trimester | 33 (21) | 124 (79) | 157 |  |  |
Pregnancy Category | |||||
Primiparous | 25 (18) | 113 (82) | 138 | 0.051 | 0.82 |
 Multiparous | 31 (19) | 131 (81) | 162 |  |  |
Employment | |||||
 Employed | 17 (17) | 86 (83) | 103 | 0.483 | 0.49 |
 Unemployed | 39 (20) | 158 (80) | 197 |  |  |
Residency | |||||
 Urban | 37 (17) | 187 (83) | 224 | 5.096 | 0.08 |
 Rural | 10 (20) | 40 (80) | 50 |  |  |
Periurban | 9 (35) | 17 (65) | 26 | Â | Â |
Education | |||||
 Illiterate | 10 (20) | 41 (80) | 51 | 0.170 | 0.98 |
 Primary school | 20 (19) | 85 (81) | 105 |  |  |
 Secondary school | 13 (19) | 55 (81) | 68 |  |  |
 University | 13 (17) | 63 (83) | 76 |  |  |
Income/month | |||||
<500 | 32 (19) | 85 (81) | 117 | 14.079 | 0.007 |
 501–1000 | 18 (25) | 77 (75) | 95 |  |  |
 1001–1500 | 3 (8) | 36 (92) | 39 |  |  |
 1501–2000 | 1 (9) | 22 (91) | 23 |  |  |
>2001 | 2 (15) | 24 (85) | 26 | Â | Â |
Eat raw meat | |||||
 Yes | 28 (24) | 87 (76) | 115 | 3.965 | 0.046 |
 No | 28 (15) | 157 (85) | 185 |  |  |
Drink raw milk | |||||
 Yes | 14 (18) | 63 (82) | 77 | 0.016 | 0.90 |
 No | 42 (19) | 181 (81) | 223 |  |  |
Eat raw vegetable | |||||
 Yes | 19 (24) | 61 (76) | 80 | 1.857 | 0.17 |
 No | 37 (17) | 183 (83) | 220 |  |  |
Water source | |||||
 Others | 2 (9) | 20 (91) | 22 | 3.418 | 0.18 |
 Spring water | 6 (32) | 13 (68) | 19 |  |  |
 Tap water | 48 (19) | 211(81) | 259 |  |  |
UTI history | |||||
 Yes | 18 (27) | 48 (73) | 66 | 4.128 | 0.04 |
 No | 38 (16) | 196 (84) | 234 |  |  |