Table 2 Patient related clinical variables, univariate analyses between cases and controls 1&2 and between cases and controls 3&4
Variables | Cases (n = 144) | Controls 1&2 (n = 288) | Crude OR (95% CI) | P-value | Controls 3&4 (n = 288) | Crude OR (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Basic characteristics | |||||||
Age, years, median (range) | 58.3 (17–82) | 60.3 (17–92) | 0.998 (0.986–0.1010) | 0.723 | 61.1 (17–91) | 0.995 (0.982–1.007) | 0.407 |
Male gender (%) | 83 (57.6) | 174 (60.4) | 0.886 (0.584–1.345) | 0.570 | 167 (58.0) | 0.985 (0.650–1.493) | 0.944 |
28-day mortality (%) | 41 (28.5) | 69 (24.0) | 1.283 (0.804–2.048) | 0.296 | 40 (13.9) | 2.677 (1.577–4.544) | < 0.001 |
1-year mortality (%) | 82 (56.9) | 95 (33.0) | 2.680 (1.754–4.094) | < 0.001 | 63 (21.9) | 4.950 (3.072–7.976) | < 0.001 |
Transferred from another hospital (%) | 50 (34.7) | 60 (20.8) | 2.000 (1.279–3.128) | 0.002 | 50 (17.4) | 2.405 (1.530–3.782) | < 0.001 |
Median length of admission (range) | 55 (3–338) | 25 (1–258) | 1.021 (1.014–1.028) | < 0.001 | 12 (1–1102) | 1.021 (1.014–1.027) | < 0.001 |
Erasmus MC 1y before VIM-PA (%) | 64 (44.4) | 111 (38.5) | 1.278 (0.851–1.920) | 0.237 | 109 (37.8) | 1.348 (0.881–2.064) | 0.169 |
Erasmus MC ICU 1y before VIM-PA (%) | 14 (9.7) | 15 (5.2) | 1.867 (0.901–3.867) | 0.093 | 14 (4.9) | 2.131 (0.976–4.652) | 0.058 |
Surgery (%) | 87 (60.4) | 119 (41.3) | 2.165 (1.432–3.275) | < 0.001 | 121 (42.0) | 2.119 (1.399–3.209) | < 0.001 |
Underlying diseases | |||||||
Cystic fibrosis (%) | 2a (1.4) | 3 (1.0) | NA | NA | 2 (0.7) | NA | NA |
Chronic respiratory illness (%) | 29 (20.1) | 43 (14.9) | 1.488 (0.861–2.571) | 0.155 | 43 (14.9) | 1.518 (0.868–2.655) | 0.144 |
Chronic kidney failure (%) | 5 (3.5) | 3 (1.0) | 3.33 (0.797–13.948) | 0.099 | 11 (3.8) | 0.903 (0.304–2.689) | 0.855 |
Acute kidney failure; use of CVVH (%) | 28 (19.4) | 18 (6.3) | 3.471 (1.844–6.533) | < 0.001 | 10 (3.5) | 6.651 (3.022–14.638) | < 0.001 |
Chronic liver failure (%) | 5 (3.5) | 7 (2.4) | 1.480 (0.442–4.952) | 0.525 | 17 (5.9) | 0.588 (0.217–1.594) | 0.297 |
Acute liver failure (%) | 0 (0) | 6 (2.1) | NA | NA | 3 (1.0) | NA | NA |
Chronic problems of the gastrointestinal tract (%) | 19 (13.2) | 28 (9.7) | 1.377 (0.758–2.502) | 0.294 | 26 (9.0) | 1.603 (0.822–3.126) | 0.166 |
Acute problems of the gastrointestinal tract (%) | 28 (19.4) | 39 (13.5) | 1.493 (0.894–2.494) | 0.126 | 54 (18.8) | 1.047 (0.627–1.750) | 0.861 |
Auto-immune disease (%) | 7 (4.9) | 18 (6.3) | 0.762 (0.308–1.886) | 0.556 | 26 (9.0) | 0.520 (0.221–1.223) | 0.134 |
Human immunodeficiency virus (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.7) | NA | NA | 4 (1.4) | NA | NA |
Diabetes (%) | 24 (16.7) | 37 (12.8) | 1.353 (0.776–2.360) | 0.287 | 48 (16.7) | 1.000 (0.579–1.726) | 1.000 |
Solid organ transplant recipient (%) | 20a (14.0) | 20 (6.9) | 2.257 (1.139–4.473) | 0.020 | 30 (10.4) | 1.463 (0.784–2.729) | 0.232 |
Stem cell/bone marrow transplant recipient (%) | 7a (4.9) | 6 (2.1) | 3.562 (0.875–14.493) | 0.076 | 1 (0.3) | NA | NA |
Use of immunosuppressive agents (%) | 55 (38.2) | 71 (24.7) | 1.920 (1.236–2.985) | 0.004 | 55 (19.1) | 2.493 (1.602–3.879) | < 0.001 |
Malignancies (%) | 32 (22.2) | 76 (26.4) | 0.777 (0.472–1.280) | 0.322 | 92 (31.9) | 0.570 (0.347–0.936) | 0.026 |
Neutropenia, < 500 cells/μL (%) | 3b (2.7) | 4b (2.1) | 0.883 (0.159–4.889)b | 0.886 | 7b (2.4) | 0.667 (0.164–2.713)b | 0.571 |
Endoscopies | |||||||
Colonoscopy (%) | 7 (4.9) | 10 (3.5) | 1.400 (0.533–3.678) | 0.495 | 12 (4.2) | 1.202 (0.432–3.345) | 0.724 |
Sigmoidoscopy (%) | 7 (4.9) | 5 (1.7) | 2.800 (0.889–8.822) | 0.079 | 8 (2.8) | 1.750 (0.635–4.826) | 0.280 |
Endoscopic ultrasound (%) | 7 (4.9) | 26 (9.0) | 0.490 (0.202–1.189) | 0.115 | 19 (6.6) | 0.684 (0.260–1.802) | 0.443 |
Gastroscopy (%) | 75 (52.1) | 50 (17.4) | 6.609 (3.803–11.485) | < 0.001 | 59 (20.5) | 4.529 (2.79–7.335) | < 0.001 |
ERCP (%) | 17 (11.8) | 15 (5.2) | 2.520 (1.190–5.336) | 0.016 | 10 (3.5) | 3.917 (1.678–9.143) | 0.002 |
Bronchoscopy (%) | 41 (28.5) | 34 (11.8) | 3.159 (1.841–5.422) | < 0.001 | 33 (11.5) | 3.030 (1.800–5.103) | < 0.001 |
Transoesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) (%) | 12 (8.3) | 13 (4.5) | 1.846 (0.842–4.046) | 0.126 | 13 (4.5) | 1.901 (0.849–4.257) | 0.118 |
Medical devices | |||||||
Mechanical ventilation (%) | 129 (89.6) | 210 (72.9) | 4.921 (2.284–10.600) | < 0.001 | 185 (64.2) | 8.211 (3.857–17.481) | < 0.001 |
Tracheostomy (%) | 29 (20.1) | 38 (13.2) | 1.801 (1.011–3.211) | 0.046 | 9 (3.1) | 7.883 (3.443–18.045) | < 0.001 |
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (%) | 2 (1.4) | 0 (0) | NA | NA | 0 (0) | NA | NA |
Central venous catheter (%) | 103 (71.5) | 124 (43.1) | 4.121 (2.477–6.854) | < 0.001 | 77 (26.7) | 9.040 (5.101–16.023) | < 0.001 |