Table 1 Demographic and clinical details of LTCF residents from three Italian Provinces
Milan (M), % (n = 104) | Piacenza (P), % (n = 121) | Bolzano (B), % (n = 115) | Significant differences (p-value) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Male sex | 30.7 | 26.4 | 43.4 | M vs. B (0.05); P vs. B (0.006) |
Age ≥ 86 years | 58.7 | 60.3 | 35.6 | M vs. B (< 0.001); P vs. B (< 0.001) |
Antibiotics in preceding 3 months | 24.0 | 50.4 | 23.4 | M vs. P (< 0.001); P vs. B (< 0.001) |
Fluoroquinolones | 8.6 | 7.4 | 5.2 | |
Penicillins | 2.8 | 1.6 | 12.1 | M vs. B (0.01); P vs. B (0.001) |
Cephalosporins | 5.7 | 24.8 | 1.7 | M vs. P (< 0.001); P vs. B (< 0.001) |
Dementia | 42.3 | 79.3 | 68.7 | M vs. P (< 0.001); M vs. B (< 0.001) |
Peripheral vascular disease | 59.6 | 47.1 | 71.3 | P vs. B (< 0.001) |
Urinary incontinence | 74.0 | 84.3 | 85.2 | M vs. P (0.05); M vs. B (0.04) |
Diabetes | 19.2 | 16.5 | 20.8 | |
Cancer | 8.6 | 8.2 | 9.5 | |
Decubitus ulcer | 6.7 | 5.7 | 11.3 | |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 11.5 | 9.1 | 18.2 | P vs. B (0.04) |
Physical disability (Barthel immobility score of 0) | 10.4 | 41.3 | 67.8 | M vs. P (< 0.001); M vs. B (< 0.001); P vs. B (< 0.001) |
Coma | 0.0 | 0.0 | 17.4 | M vs. B (< 0.001); P vs. B (< 0.001) |
Any medical device | 10.5 | 23.9 | 38.2 | M vs. P (0.009); M vs. B (< 0.001); P vs. B (0.01) |
Percutaneous enteral gastrostomy tube | 2.8 | 11.5 | 20.8 | M vs. P (0.01); M vs. B (< 0.001); P vs. B (0.05) |
Tracheostomy tube | 0.0 | 1.6 | 9.5 | M vs. B (0.001); P vs. B (0.007) |
Urinary catheter | 8.6 | 6.6 | 18.2 | M vs. B (0.04); P vs. B (0.006) |
Nasogastric tube | 0.0 | 9.1 | 1.7 | M vs. P (0.001); P vs. B (0.01) |
Length of stay in LTCF < 6 months | 17.7 | 8.2 | 17.3 | M vs. P (0.03); P vs. B (0.03) |
Hospital admission in previous 12 months, any department | 22.3 | 15.8 | 38.2 | M vs. B (0.01); M vs. P (< 0.001) |
P vs. B (< 0.001) | ||||
Geriatrics | 0.0 | 1.6 | 9.5 | M vs. B (p = 0.001); P vs. B (p = 0.007) |
Medicine | 4.8 | 5.7 | 6.0 | |
Orthopedics | 3.8 | 3.3 | 4.3 | |
Infection | 3.8a | 5.7b | 0.8c | P vs. B (0.03) |