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Table 2 Practices related to antimicrobial use on the farms that presumably used antimicrobials (n = 87)

From: Antimicrobials in small-scale urban pig farming in a lower middle-income country – arbitrary use and high resistance levels

 

Category

n

%

How do you administer antimicrobials to the pigs?

Injections when sick

87

100

In feed/orally when sick

18

21

In water when sick

1

1

To sows after farrowing (n=58a)

5

9

In feed routinely

8

9

If only some pigs are sick, to which pigs do you administer antimicrobials? (n = 86)

Only the sick pigs

65

76

All pigsb

21

24

Do you administer antimicrobials as a prophylaxis?

Yes

14

16

No

72

83

Unsurec

1

1

Does the feed concentrate contain antimicrobials?

(n = 91d)

Yes

34

37

No

8

9

Don’t know

42

46

Don’t use concentrates

7

8

Do you sometimes give human medicines that contain antimicrobials to the animals?

Yes

9

10

No

77

89

Don’t know

1

1

Do you sometimes end treatment prematurely if the animal gets better?

Yes

57

66

No

30

34

What do you do with antimicrobials that are left (and have expired)? (n = 84)

Throw away to pond/environment

36

43

Bury

20

24

Burn

3

4

Take back to veterinarian/animal health worker

8

10

Throw to the person collecting waste

11

13

Keep at home

4

5

Don’t know

2

2

Do you have a withdrawal period (according to instructions) between antimicrobial treatment and slaughter/trader collecting animals? (n = 81)

Yes

8

10

No

38

47

Don’t know

1

1

Never been sick around time of slaughter

32

40

Other

2

2

  1. aCalculated based on number of farms that kept sows
  2. bThis category does not necessarily includes sows, as some farmers only used traditional medicines to treat sows
  3. cSome substance was added to the feed routinely but the respondent did not remember the name
  4. dCalculated based on all 91 farms in the study