| |
Audit with feedback (Intervention wards)
|
Academic detailing (Intervention wards
|
Pulmonary medicine (Intervention wards)
|
Infectious diseases (Intervention wards)
|
Gastroenterology (Intervention ward)
|
Control (all specialties)
|
|---|
|
Estimate
|
SE
|
p-value
|
Estimate
|
SE
|
p-value
|
Estimate
|
SE
|
p-value
|
Estimate
|
SE
|
p-value
|
Estimate
|
SE
|
p-value
|
Estimate
|
SE
|
p-value
|
|---|
|
DDD per 100 bed days
|
Const
|
70.288
|
5.854
|
0.000
|
103.078
|
8.415
|
0.000
|
84.736
|
5.056
|
0.000
|
60.371
|
7.407
|
0.000
|
27.605
|
1.592
|
0.000
|
87.691
|
5.387
|
0.000
|
|
AR
|
−0.495
|
0.326
|
0.172
|
−0.247
|
0.370
|
0.525
|
−0.429
|
0.348
|
0.257
|
−0.239
|
0.372
|
0.542
|
−0.796
|
0.203
|
0.006
|
−0.512
|
0.323
|
0.157
|
|
Pre-slope
| |
4.332
|
1.523
|
0.025
|
−2.903
|
2.181
|
0.225
|
−2.292
|
1.312
|
0.124
|
3.985
|
1.926
|
0.077
|
−0.075
|
0.411
|
0.861
|
1.002
|
1.404
|
0.498
|
|
Difference between pre- and post-slope
| |
−6.789
|
2.028
|
0.012
|
2.920
|
2.985
|
0.360
|
−0.669
|
1.770
|
0.717
|
−5.753
|
2.615
|
0.064
|
2.472
|
0.545
|
0.003
|
−1.033
|
1.863
|
0.597
|
|
Level effect
|
|
3 months
| |
−8.971
|
7.809
|
0.288
|
−3.162
|
11.053
|
0.783
|
8.314
|
6.686
|
0.254
|
−10.360
|
9.839
|
0.327
|
−11.157
|
2.082
|
0.001
|
1.407
|
7.191
|
0.850
|
|
6 months
| |
−15.761
|
8.313
|
0.100
|
−0.242
|
11.823
|
0.984
|
7.646
|
7.131
|
0.319
|
−16.112
|
10.503
|
0.169
|
−8.685
|
2.220
|
0.006
|
0.374
|
7.672
|
0.962
|
|
12 months
| |
−29.338
|
10.490
|
0.027
|
5.599
|
15.115
|
0.722
|
6.308
|
9.052
|
0.508
|
−27.617
|
13.357
|
0.077
|
−3.740
|
2.811
|
0.225
|
−1.691
|
9.694
|
0.866
|
|
18 months
| |
−42.916
|
13.561
|
0.016
|
11.439
|
19.708
|
0.580
|
4.971
|
11.751
|
0.685
|
−39.122
|
17.355
|
0.059
|
1.205
|
3.640
|
0.750
|
−3.757
|
12.525
|
0.773
|
- Broad-spectrum antibiotics were defined as penicillins with enzyme inhibitor, 2. and 3. generation cephalosporins, carbapenems and quionolones
