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Table 1 Baseline and post-intervention hand hygiene compliance, stratified by hospital, ward type, healthcare worker type, and indication. Odds ratios comparing post-intervention to baseline were calculated adjusting for repeated measures on each of the seven wards with complete reporting

From: Evaluation of a program to improve hand hygiene in Kenyan hospitals through production and promotion of alcohol-based Handrub – 2012-2014

 

Pre-Intervention (Baseline)

Post-Intervention

Odds Ratio

 

Number of Opportunities Observed

Compliance

Number of Opportunities Observed

Compliance

(95% Confidence Interval)

P value

Overall

2809

28%

22,929

38%

1.59 (1.24, 2.05)

0.0003

Hospital

Hospital A

1930

28%

16,675

39%

1.65 (1.22, 2.24)

0.0012

Hospital B

299

31%

1844

47%

2.18 (2.05, 2.32)

< 0.0001

Hospital C

580

27%

4410

31%

1.20 (0.62, 2.33)

0.5943

Ward Type

ICU (1 unit)a

629

43%

4680

50%

1.30 (1.10, 1.54)

0.0021

Medical/ Surgical (1 ward)a

298

18%

2160

31%

2.03 (1.49, 2.77)

< 0.0001

Specialty (3 wards)

779

24%

8156

37%

1.75 (1.14, 2.71)

0.0113

Pediatrics (2 wards)

1103

24%

7933

34%

1.64 (0.99, 2.70)

0.0539

Healthcare Worker Typeb

Medical Officers

759

25%

4911

37%

1.73 (1.19, 2.50)

0.0038

Clinical Officers (Physician Assistant)

520

20%

3054

26%

1.54 (0.98, 2.43)

0.0611

Nurses

808

31%

7457

40%

1.43 (0.99, 2.05)

0.0562

Students

343

35%

4630

46%

1.85 (1.18, 2.91)

0.0077

Technicians

97

32%

276

34%

1.45 (1.19, 1.77)

0.0002

Others

282

31%

2590

34%

1.25 (0.79, 1.97)

0.3367

Indicationc (WHO “Moments”)

Before touching patient

610

2%

5623

4%

2.24 (1.24, 4.02)

0.0072

Before clean/Aseptic task

457

1%

3786

5%

14.4 (1.65, 125.74)

0.0159

After body fluid exposure

30

93%

908

74%

0.16 (0.33, 0.99)

0.0479

After touching patient

1034

55%

9810

64%

1.67 (1.13, 2.47)

0.0108

After Patient Environmental Exposure

675

26%

4431

44%

1.44 (1.00, 2.09)

0.0516

  1. aDid not adjust for repeated measures, only one unit compared
  2. bMissing healthcare worker type for 11 observations in the post-intervention period
  3. cMissing indication for 3 observations in the baseline period and 18 observations post-intervention
  4. Italic entries are statistically significant