Table 2 Study characteristics, graded by risk-of-bias tool with highest quality studies reported at the top of table. 2012–2016
From: Using the best available data to estimate the cost of antimicrobial resistance: a systematic review
Author (year) Country Year of data used | Organism Site of infection | Comparator (n) | Adjustment for prior LOS or time dependence | Adjustment for disease severity | Adjustment for inappropriate antibiotic use |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stewardson (2016) 10 EU countries 2010–2011 [24] | Enterobacteriaceae S. auerus BSI | MSSA (885) MRSA(163) 3GCSE(2100) 3GCRE (360) | Fully adjusted for at the analysis stage using multi-state modelling | Comorbid conditionscalculated and adjusted in model | No |
Stewardson (2013) Switzerland 2009 [25] | Enterobacteriaceae BSI | Non-ESBL (96) ESBL+ (30) | Fully adjusted for at the analysis stage using multi-state modelling | Data collected but not adjusted in model | Uncertain if adjusted in model |
Neidell (2012) USA 2006–2008 [26] | S. aureus, Enterococcus, KP, PA BSI, UTI, Lower RTI | Susceptible (3880) Resistant (1819) | Partially adjusted for at the analysis stage using nearest neighbour matching, based on propensity scores for prior LOS | CCI calculated; individual comorbidities adjusted in model | No |
Campbell (2013) USA 2005–2010 [33] | S. aureus Multiple sitesa | MSSA (206) MRSA (119) | Partially adjusted for at the analysis stage by adjusting for time to infection as baseline covariate. In sensitivity analysis matching based on propensity scores for time to infection | CCI calculated and adjusted in model | No |
Leistner (2014) Germany 2008–2010 [29] | E. coli BSI | Non-ESBL (92) ESBL+ (92) | Partially adjusted for at the design stage using matching (LOS of controls matched with LOS of cases) | Matched on CCI | No |
Cheah (2013) Australia 2002–2010 [31] | Enterococcus BSI | VSE (603) VRE (116) | Partially adjusted at the analysis stage using LOS prior to infection | CCI calculated and adjusted in model | Yes |
Morales (2012) Spain 2005–2006 [27] | P. aeruginosa Multipleb | Susceptible (149) Resistant (119) MDR (134) | Not addressed | No | No |
Maslikowska (2016) Canada 2010–2013 [28] | E. coli Klebsiella spp. Multiple c | Non-ESBL (75) ESBL+ (75) | Not addressed | No | No |
Thampi (2015) Canada 2007–2010 [20] | S. aureus BSI | MSSA (377) MRSA (58) | Not addressed | No | No |
EstevePalau (2015) Spain 2010–2013 [30] | E. coli UTI | Non-ESBL (60) ESBL+ (60) | Not addressed | No | No |
MacVane (2014) USA 2011–2012 [23] | E. coli Klebsiella spp. UTI | Non-ESBL(55) ESBL+ (55) | Not addressed | No | No |
Chandy (2014) India 2010 [32] | All organisms BSI suspected | Susceptible (87) Resistant (133) | Not addressed | No | No |