Table 1 Epidemiology of oqxAB in in Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae

[27]

1995–1998

Danmark, Swedish

Swine

11.84% (27/228)

OLA

oqxAB operon was situated on pOLA52 plasmid in most strains.

[17]

2002

Guangdong, China

Swine, chicken, environment, farmworker

Animals: E. coli: 39.8% (39/98), environment: E. coli:43.9% (18/41), farmworkers: E. coli:30.3% (10/33)

MEQ, OLA, CHL, ENR, CIP, AMP, KAN, TET, SXT

oqxAB was associated with IS26 and was carried on the 43- to 115-kb IncF transferable plasmid.

[31]

2012–2014

Zhengzhou, China

Dog, cats, human

Dogs: E. coli:58.5% (62/106),

cats: E. coli:56.25% (36/64),

human: E. coli:42.0% (42/100)

OLA, MEQ, CIP, TET, FFC

Several oqxAB-positive isolates have high similarity and the oqxAB gene was primarily located on plasmids.

[32]

1970s-2013

North and South China

Chicken, pig, duck, goose

E. coli:28.7% (322/1123)

MEQ

IS26-flanked Tn6010 element was prone to excision via IS26-mediated recombination.

[40]

2011–2013

Guangdong, China

Pig, chicken, retail meat, humans

Animals: E. coli: 33.8% (172/509),

food: E. coli:17.3% (60/346),

human: E. coli:18.1% (90/498)

NEO, APR, FFC, OLA, TET, SXT

oqxAB was located on plasmids belonging to IncN1-F33:A-:B-, IncHI2/ST3, F-:A18:B-, F-:A-:B54

[41]

2010–2011

China

Human

E. coli:3.8% (23/590)

CIP, LVX

oqxB20 and oqxB29 were identified.

[43]

2001–2015

Taiwan, China

Human

E. coli:6.05% (15/248)

CIP, LVX

oqxAB was located on plasmid and successfully transferred to E. coli C600 by conjugation.

[44]

2008–2010

Ujjain, India

Hospital wastewater

E. coli:1.05% (2/190)

CTX, CAZ, CIP, OFX

First paper reports the detection of oqxAB-carring E.coli from hospital wastewater in India

[45]

1993–2010

China

Human, animals, environment

Human: E. coli:5.2% (16/307),

chicken: E. coli:19.8% (76/384),

pigs: E. coli:51% (101/198),

environment: E. coli: 20.5% (9/44)

AMP, TET, SXT, CHL, STR, CIP

First report of oqxAB-positive isolates from ducks and geese and as early as 1994 from chickens.

[48]

2004–2011

Guangdong, Anhui, Guangxi, Henan, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Beijing, China

Pigs, chickens and ducks), companion animals, human, retail meat

Pig: E. coli:55.7% (280/503),

chicken: E. coli:25.8% (127/493),

duck: E. coli:40.6% (109/389),

pet: E. coli:10% (35/353),

food: E. coli: 16.2% (57/352),

human: E. coli:7.2% (15/207)

CIP

43.6% of the E. coli harbored at least one PMQR gene. The most common PMQR gene was oqxAB (29.3%), followed by qnr (13.6%), aac(6′)-Ib-cr (11.6%), and qepA (3.3%).

[49]

2002–2010

Guangdong, China

Ducks, chickens, pigs

E. coli:43.43% (215/495)

CIP, ENR, LVX, NAL

Prevalence of oqxAB had significant Spearman correlation coefficients with MICs of quinolones.

[50]

2011

Beijing, Shanxi, Guangdong, Inner Mogolia, China

Chicken carcasses, ground pork

E. coli:62.26% (66/106)

CTX, CIP,CHL, TET, GEN, SXT, AMP, CAZ

68.2% of the cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin coresistant E. coli isolates carried at least one PMQR gene and eight subtypes of bla_CTX-M were identified.

[46]

2006–2008

Northern Italy

Farm and wild lagomorphs

E. coli:15% (17/113)

TET, STR, NAL, SXT, CHL

Seven out of 17 strains were carried from three to six different plasmid types, such as IncF, IncHI1, IncI1, IncN, IncP, IncX1, IncY, and ColE.

[16]

2002–2012

Guangdong, China

Duck, chicken, geese and pig

E. coli:47.12% (328/696)

AMP, CHL,FFC, TET, GEN, KAN, CTI, DOX

oqxAB, bla_CTX-M and floR were co-transferred on F33:A-: B- and HI2 plasmids in E. coli.

[19]

1998–2006

Seoul Korea

Human

E. coli:0.4% (1/261)

E. cloacae: 4.6% (3/65),

OLA, CIP

This is the first report of the presence of an oqxAB-containing plasmid in a human isolate of E. coli.

[14]

2010

Shanghai China

Human

E. coli: 6.6% (9/136),

NAL, CIP, NOR, LVX, OLA, TMP, CHL, TET

Variants of oqxA2, oqxB2 and oqxB3 were identified in two E. coli strains.