From: The nature and epidemiology of OqxAB, a multidrug efflux pump
References | Year(s) of isolates collection | Geographic area | Sample source | Percentage of oqxAB carring isolates (no. of isolates) | Resistance phenotypes | Descriptions |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[58] | Hong Kong | Pork, chicken | 2.38 (2/84) | TET, CHL, NAL, OLA | First Detection of oqxAB on the chromosomes of two Salmonella Derby isolates from food. | |
[60] | 2005–2011 | Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, Fujian, Sichuan, Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, China | Human | 0.73% (4/546) | NAL, CHL, GEN, KAN, TET | Combined effects of ESBL determinants and oqxAB were responsible for the emergence of XDR S. Typhimurium. |
[59] | 2009–2013 | Henan, China | Poultry, human | 72.73% (112/154) | AMP, CAZ, CHL, CIP, CTX, GEN, SXT, TET | Co-occurrence of qepA, oqxAB, and aac(6′)-Ib-cr with mutations in gyrA and parC and several ESBLs were noteworthy. |
[62] | 1999–2008 | Taiwan, China | Human | 16.1% (10/76) | CIP, LVX, CAZ, CTX, FOX, CRO | GyrA mutations are the major quinolone resistance mechanisms in Salmonella. Overproduction of efflux pump and presence of qnr and oqxAB play additional roles. |
[63] | 2012–2013 | Shenzhen, China | Retail meat (chicken, pork) | 91% (75/82) | CTX, CIP, AZM, AMP, NAL, KAN, STR, CHL, TET | PMQRs greatly facilitate development of FQs resistance in Salmonella. |
[61] | 2010–2011 | Fujian, Henan, Guangdong, Beijing, Guangxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Shanghai China | Retail raw chicken carcasses | 42% (194/462) | NAL, CIP, LVX, GAT | Isolates which harboured more PMQR genes and accumulated more point mutations on GyrA and ParC presented higher resistance levels to quinolones. |
[15] | 2007–2011 | China | Poultry, swine, animal hospital | 31.7% (20/63) | OLA, NAL, GEN, CHL, FFC, AMP, CIF, TET, SMX | All the isolates carring transferable IncHI2-type plasmids haboured oqxAB cassette and incomplete class 1 integron. |
[64] | 2015–2016 | Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu, Anhui, Liaoning, Tianjin, Beijing, Hebei, Hubei, Guizhou, Xinjiang, Ningxia, Sichuan, China | Chicken | 8.24% (14/170) | CTX, AK, CIP, AMP, CTI,FEP, ATM, STR, NAL, NOR, SXT, CHL, TET, DOX | The blaCTX-M genes, 16S rRNA methylase genes (armA, rmtD or rmtC) and five plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants (aac(6′)-Ib-cr, oqxAB, qnrB, qepA and qnrD) were identified in 18 S. Indiana and 17 S. California isolates. |