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Table 1 Sociodemographic, clinical-biological, therapeutic, and outcome characteristics of patients

From: Derivation and validation of a simple score to predict the presence of bacteria requiring carbapenem treatment in ICU-acquired bloodstream infection and pneumonia: CarbaSCORE

Variable

Total (n = 338)

Carbapenem not necessary (n = 311)

Carbapenem necessary (n = 27)

p

Age (years)

61 [49–71]

59 [19–87]

61 [22–83]

0.21

Male sex, n (%)

243 (71.9)

224 (72.0)

19 (70.4)

0.83

Chronic diseases, n (%)

 • High blood pressure

186 (55.0)

168 (54.0)

18 (66.7)

0.23

 • Coronary artery disease

85 (25.1)

77 (24.8)

8 (29.6)

0.64

 • Arteriopathy

59 (17.5)

53 (17.0)

6 (22.2)

0.44

 • Diabetes

117 (34.6)

110 (35.4)

7 (25.9)

0.40

 • Chronic heart failure

64 (18.9)

57 (18.3)

7 (25.9)

0.31

 • Chronic respiratory failure

46 (13.6)

43 (13.8)

3 (11.1)

1.00

 • Chronic obstructive bronchitis

46 (13.6)

43 (13.8)

3 (11.1)

1.00

 • Cancer, immunosuppressiona

59 (17.5)

53 (17.0)

6 (22.2)

0.44

 • Chronic alcoholism

98 (29.0)

90 (28.9)

8 (29.6)

1.00

 • Chronic tobacco exposure

91 (26.9)

85 (27.3)

6 (22.2)

0.66

 • Obesity

59 (17.5)

53 (17.0)

6 (22.2)

0.44

 • Undernutrition

47 (13.9)

44 (14.1)

3 (11.1)

1.00

 • Chronic renal failureb

55 (16.3)

46 (14.8)

9 (33.3)

0.03

 • Chronic hemodialysis

17 (5.0)

12 (3.9)

5 (18.5)

0.01

 • Cirrhosis

13 (3.8)

13 (4.1)

0 (0)

0.61

Type of ICU admission, n (%)

0.95

 • Medical

242 (71.6)

222 (71.4)

20 (74.1)

 

 • Emergency surgery

71 (21.0)

66 (21.2)

5 (18.5)

 

 • Planned surgery

25 (7.4)

23 (7.4)

2 (7.4)

 

Reason for ICU admission, n (%)

0.07

 • Cardiovascular failure

135 (39.9)

127 (40.8)

8 (29.6)

 

 • Infection

72 (21.3)

65 (20.9)

7 (25.9)

 

 • Neurological failure

29 (8.6)

23 (7.4)

6 (22.2)

 

 • Respiratory failure

70 (20.7)

65 (20.9)

5 (18.5)

 

 • Other

32 (9.5)

31 (10.0)

1 (3.7)

 

SAPS II score on admission

54 [39–68]

54 [39–67]

57 [40–75]

0.49

SOFA score on admission

12 [9–14]

12 [9–14]

12 [9–15]

0.58

Mechanical ventilation on admission, n (%)

301 (89.1)

276 (88.7)

25 (92.6)

0.75

Length of hospital stay before ICU admission (days)

2 [0–6]

2 [0–6]

0 [0–5]

0.10

Hospitalization for more than 2 days within the past 6 months, n (%)

209 (61.8)

189 (60.8)

20 (74.1)

0.22

Use of indwelling catheter (urinary, gastric, tracheal), n (%)

3 (0.9)

3 (0.9)

0 (0)

1.00

Travel abroad in the last 6 months, n (%)

39 (11.5)

29 (9.3)

10 (37.0)

< 0.001

Antibiotic therapy in the 3 months prior to ICU-acquired infection

 • All types of antibiotic therapy, n (%)

269 (79.6)

246 (79.1)

23 (85.2)

0.62

  o All types of β-lactam, n (%)

265 (78.4)

242 (77.8)

23 (85.2)

0.47

  o β-lactam of class ≥3, n (%)

199 (58.9)

177 (56.9)

22 (81.5)

0.02

Class of β-lactam, n (%)

0.03

 ▪ Class 1

5 (1.5)

5 (1.6)

0 (0)

 

 ▪ Class 2

61 (18.0)

60 (19.3)

1 (3.7)

 

 ▪ Class 3

66 (19.5)

55 (17.7)

11 (40.7)

 

 ▪ Class 4

80 (23.6)

75 (24.1)

5 (18.5)

 

 ▪ Class 5

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

 ▪ Class 6

53 (15.7)

47 (15.1)

6 (22.2)

 

  o Quinolone, n (%)

26 (7.7)

23 (7.4)

3 (11.1)

0.45

  o Aminoglycoside, n (%)

120 (35.5)

108 (34.7)

12 (44.4)

0.40

  o Vancomycin or linezolid, n (%)

47 (13.9)

40 (12.9)

7 (25.9)

0.08

Delay between prior antibiotic therapy and date of infection, n (%)

 o Between ICU admission and date of infection

219 (64.8)

203 (65.3)

16 (59.3)

0.54

 o In the month prior to ICU admission

159 (47.0)

115 (37.0)

15 (55.5)

0.07

 o Between 3 months and 1 month prior to ICU admission

19 (5.6)

13 (4.2)

2 (7.4)

0.34

Mechanical ventilation on the date of infection, n (%)

319 (94.4)

294 (94.5)

25 (92.6)

0.66

SOFA score on the date of infection

10 [6–13]

10 [6–13]

10 [6–12]

0.72

Delay between ICU admission and date of infection, (days)

7 [4–11]

6 [4–11]

9 [5–12]

0.06

 • More than 5 days after admission, n (%)

239 (70.7)

216 (69.5)

23 (85.2)

0.12

 • More than 7 days after admission, n (%)

173 (51.2)

154 (49.5)

19 (70.4)

0.05

Colonization with MDR/XDR at least 2 days before the date of infection, n (%)

55 (16.3)

41 (13.2)

14 (51.9)

< 0.001

Type of ICU-acquired infection, n (%)

0.02

 • Bloodstream infection

140 (41.4)

123 (39.5)

17 (63.0)

 

 • Pneumonia

198 (58.8)

188 (60.5)

10 (37.0)

 
  1. SAPS II Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment
  2. aIncluding any immunosuppressive diseases, hematologic diseases, treatment with immunosuppressive drugs within the previous 30 days, or corticosteroids at daily doses of at least 10 mg/day of a prednisone equivalent for more than 2 weeks, bSelected threshold for chronic renal failure: Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2