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Table 2 Distribution of isolates according to different parameters from 2014 to 2017

From: Distribution of blaCTX − M, blaTEM, blaSHV and blaOXA genes in Extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Clinical isolates: A three-year multi-center study from Lahore, Pakistan

Study year

2014

2015

2016

2017

2014–2017

Chi-score

p-value

Parameters

Initial screening

 Samples Processed

400 (22)

500 (27)

500 (27)

435 (24)

1835 (48)

9.33

0.0023

 Strains Screened

230 (23)

230 (29)

230 (23)

250 (25)

995 (54)

1.91

0.1671

 3GC-Ra

134 (27)

85 (23)

85 (17)

166 (33)

497 (50)

30.05

<0.0001

Third generation cephalosporin resistant isolates

 Klebsiella spp.

22 (18)

32 (26)

45 (36)

25 (20)

124 (25)

31.19

<0.0001

 Escherichia coli

106 (33)

41 (13)

40 (12)

134 (42)

321 (65)

21.99

0.0012

 Enterobacter spp.

6 (30)

12 (60)

0 (0)

2 (10)

20 (4)

15.95

0.0140

 Pseudomonas spp.

0 (0)

24 (100)

0 (0)

0 (0)

24 (5)

74.48

<0.0001

 Acinetobacter spp.

0 (0)

3 (38)

0 (0)

5 (63)

8 (2)

4.32

0.6335

Demographic Data

 Gender based distribution

  Male

69 (51)

47 (42)

47 (55)

102 (61)

265 (53)

11.52

0.0342

  Female

65 (49)

65 (58)

38 (45)

64 (39)

232 (47)

 Age wise distribution

  < 1–20

17 (25)

27 (20)

14 (21)

10 (15)

68 (14)

32.19

0.0013

  21–40

33 (23)

26 (19)

40 (27)

47 (32)

146 (29)

60.29

<0.0001

  41–60

45 (26)

41 (31)

27 (16)

61 (35)

174 (35)

58.53

<0.0001

  61–80

39 (37)

15 (11)

4 (4)

47 (45)

105 (21)

53.13

<0.0001

  > 80

0 (0)

3 (2)

0 (0)

1 (25)

4 (1)

7.98

0.7867

 Sample source

  Urine

80 (58)

150 (66)

26 (31)

16 (33)

272 (55)

18.93

0.0003

  Blood

5 (4)

11 (5)

5 (6)

12 (25)

33 (7)

27.4

<0.0001

  Pus

40 (29)

33 (15)

18 (21)

7 (15)

98 (20)

9.74

0.0209

  Wound

2 (1)

17 (8)

11 (13)

13 (27)

43 (9)

29.26

<0.0001

  Tissue

2 (1)

0 (0)

1 (1)

0 (0)

3 (1)

3.75

0.2898

  Sputum

3 (2)

1 (0)

12 (14)

0 (0)

16 (3)

38.79

<0.0001

  Tips

1 (1)

0 (0)

2 (2)

0 (0)

3 (1)

6

0.1116

  Secretions

0 (0)

4 (2)

8 (9)

0 (0)

12 (2)

22.12

<0.0001

  Fluid

3 (2)

7 (3)

0 (0)

0 (0)

10 (2)

4.02

0.2540

  High vaginal swab

2 (1)

2 (1)

2 (2)

0 (0)

6 (1)

1.77

0.6215

  Washings

0 (0)

1 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (0)

1.2

0.731

Phenotypic detection tests

 Phenotypic test

  ASTb

134 (27)

112 (23)

85 (17)

166 (33)

497 (50)

1.45

0.9975

  CDSTc

102 (26)

65 (16)

85 (21)

147 (37)

399 (80)

20.8

0.0136

  DDSTd

95 (35)

89 (33)

18 (7)

71 (26)

273 (55)

32.19

0.0002

  E-teste

74 (24)

84 (28)

37 (12)

108 (36)

303 (61)

5.36

0.8019

  1. Percentages are mentioned in parenthesis
  2. aThird generation cephalosporin resistant
  3. bAntibiotic susceptibility testing
  4. cCombination disc test
  5. dDouble disc synergy test
  6. eEpsilometric test
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Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control

ISSN: 2047-2994

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