|
Risk factors
|
ESBL-E
|
pAmpC-E
|
CIP-RE
|
CIRE
|
|---|
|
Positive n/N (%)
|
p value
|
OR (95% CI)
|
Positive n/N (%)
|
p value
|
OR (95% CI)
|
Positive n/N (%)
|
p value
|
OR (95% CI)
|
Positive n/N (%)
|
p value
|
OR (95% CI)
|
|---|
|
Age
|
|
19–30
|
60/238 (25.2)
|
0.059
|
0.66 (0.43–1.02)
|
9/238 (3.8)
|
0.352
|
0.61 (0.21–1.74)
|
24/237 (10.1)
|
0.855
|
1.06 (0.60–1.89)
|
4/234 (1.7)
|
0.203
|
0.23 (0.03–2.10)
|
|
31 and above
|
46/253 (18.2)
| |
6/256 (2.3)
| |
27/254 (10.6)
| |
1/249 (0.4)
| |
|
Total
|
106/491 (21.6)
| |
15/494 (3.0)
| |
51/491 (10.4)
| | |
5/483 (1.0)
| | |
|
Gender
|
|
Male
|
76/318 (23.9)
|
0.087
|
1.50 (0.94–2.39)
|
9/320 (2.8)
|
0.743
|
0.84 (0.29–2.40)
|
32/318 (10.1)
|
0.846
|
0.94 (0.52–1.72)
|
3/312 (1.0)
|
0.672
|
0.56 (0.11–2.82)
|
|
Female
|
31/179 (17.3)
| |
6/180 (3.3)
| |
19/179 (10.6)
| |
3/177 (1.7)
| |
|
Total
|
107/497 (21.5)
| | |
15/500 (3.0)
| | |
51/497 (10.3)
| | |
6/489 (1.2)
| | |
|
Education
|
|
University or higher
|
24/116 (20.7)
|
0.802
|
0.94 (0.56–1.56)
|
2/118 (1.7)
|
0.538
|
0.49 (0.11–2.20)
|
17/116 (14.7)
|
0.075
|
1.75 (0.94–3.27)
|
3/114 (2.6)
|
0.142
|
3.35 (0.67–16.84)
|
|
Lower than university
|
83/381 (21.8)
| |
13/382 (3.4)
| |
34/381 (8.9)
| |
3/375 (0.8)
| |
|
Total
|
107/497 (21.5)
| | |
15/500 (3.0)
| | |
51/497 (10.3)
| | |
6/489 (1.2)
| | |
|
Socioeconomic status
|
|
Middle and high
|
44/192 (22.9)
|
0.580
|
1.13 (0.73–1.75)
|
4/194 (2.1)
|
0.307
|
0.55 (0.17–1.76)
|
27/192 (14.1)
|
0.024
|
1.96 (1.09–3.53)
|
2/189 (1.1)
|
1.000
|
0.77 (0.14–4.26)
|
|
Low
|
62/298 (20.8)
| |
11/299 (3.7)
| |
23/298 (7.7)
| |
4/293 (1.4)
| |
|
Total
|
106/490 (21.6)
| | |
15/493 (3.0)
| | |
50/490 (10.2)
| | |
6/482 (1.2)
| | |
|
Presence of any GISa
|
|
Yes
|
17/67 (25.4)
|
0.411
|
1.28 (0.71–2.33)
|
4/67 (6.0)
|
0.128
|
2.44 (0.75–7.88)
|
8/67 (11.9)
|
0.626
|
1.22 (0.55–2.72)
|
3/65 (4.6)
|
0.033
|
6.79 (1.34–34.39)
|
|
No
|
90/430 (20.9)
| |
11/433 (2.5)
| |
43/430 (10.0)
| |
3/424 (0.7)
| |
|
Total
|
107/497 (21.5)
| | |
15/500 (3.0)
| | |
51/497 (10.3)
| | |
6/489 (1.2)
| | |
|
Antibiotic historyb
|
|
Yes
|
35/123 (28.5)
|
0.031
|
1.67 (1.04–2.67)
|
6/124 (4.8)
|
0.220
|
2.07 (0.72–5.95)
|
10/123 (8.1)
|
0.369
|
0.72 (0.35–1.48)
|
4/119 (3.4)
|
0.033
|
6.40 (1.16–35.39)
|
|
No
|
72/374 (19.3)
| |
9/376 (2.4)
| |
41/374 (11.0)
| |
2/370 (0.5)
| |
|
Total
|
107/497 (21.5)
| | |
15/500 (3.0)
| | |
51/497 (10.3)
| | |
6/489 (1.2)
| | |
|
Travel historyb
|
|
Yes
|
21/92 (22.8)
|
0.737
|
1.10 (0.64–1.89)
|
7/92 (7.6)
|
0.010
|
4.12 (1.45–11.66)
|
9/92 (9.8)
|
0.867
|
0.94 (0.44–2.00)
|
2/89 (2.2)
|
0.300
|
2.28 (0.41–12.62)
|
|
No
|
86/405 (21.2)
| |
8/408 (2.0)
| |
42/405 (10.4)
| |
4/400 (1.0)
| |
|
Total
|
107/497 (21.5)
| | |
15/500 (3.0)
| | |
51/497 (10.3)
| | |
6/489 (1.2)
| | |
- Abbreviations: ESBL-E Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae; pAmpC-E Plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, CIP-RE Ciprofloxacin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, CIRE Carbapenem-intermediate or -resistant Enterobacteriaceae; OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval
- aIndicates the presence of at least one gastrointestinal symptom at the time of sample collection
- bThe period covers the last six months prior to the study
- Statistically significant (p<0.05) results were indicated in bold
