Table 2 Studies describing hospital costs among patients with resistant and multi-drug resistant Enterococcus
From: Economic burden of antibiotic resistance in ESKAPE organisms: a systematic review
Author | Bacteria | Comparison | Description of cost | Median cost in 2015 USD | Mean cost in 2015 USD | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case | Control | Median cost | Case | Control | Increase | Ratio | P-value | Mean cost | Case | Control | Increase | Ratio | P-value | |||
Butler et al. [58] | Enterococcus | VRE | VSE | Total hospital cost | Median (IQR) | 48,121(18640–107,280) | 23,880(1443–47,862) | 24,241(17197–59,418) | 2.02 | < 0.001 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Enterococcus | VRE | Without infection | Total hospital cost | Median (IQR) | 48,121(18640–107,280) | 9362(6417–15,423) | 38,759(12223–91,857) | 5.14 | < 0.001 |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
Ford et al. [59] | Enterococcus | VRE | VSE | Total hospital cost | Median | 177,503 | 88,751 | 88,751 | 2.00 | 0.0003 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Kramer et al. [60] | E. faecium | VRE | VSE | Total hospital cost | Median (IQR) | 89,241(53110–174,619) | 56,967(24993–132,854) | 32,274(28117–41,765) | 1.57 | < 0.000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cheah et al. [61] | Enterococcus | VRE | VSE | Total hospital cost | Median (IQR) | 86,286(47297–170,205) | 43,051(27497–99,883) | 43,235(19800–70,322) | 2.00 | 0.0020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lloyd-Smith et al. [62] | Enterococcus | VRE | VSE | Total hospital cost |  |  |  |  |  |  | Mean (SD) | 46,924(55881) | 55,881(17783) | 33,855(38098) | 3.59 | < 0.0001 |
Enterococcus | VRE | VSE | Excess total hospital cost |  |  |  |  |  | Mean (95% CI) |  |  |  |  | > 0.05 | ||
Adams et al. [63] | Enterococcus | VRE | VSE | Total hospital cost |  |  |  |  |  |  | Mean (95% CI) | 51,020(43463–59,891) | 43,463(37797–48,434) | 8233(5666–11,457) | 1.19 | 0.0040 |
Gearhart et al. [64] | Enterococcus | VRE | VSE | Total hospital cost |  |  |  |  |  |  | Mean | 81,106 | 36,705 | 44,401 | 2.21 | < 0.07 |
Webb et al. [65] | E. faecium | VRE | VSE | Total hospital cost |  |  |  |  |  |  | Mean | 158,795 | 97,472 | 61,323 | 1.63 | < 0.05 |
Carmeli et al. [66] | Enterococcus | VRE | VSE | Total hospital charge |  |  |  |  |  |  | Mean | 77,473 | 47,142 | 30,331 | 1.64 | < 0.001 |
Nguyen et al. [67] | Enterococcus | VRE | VSE | Total hospital charge |  |  |  |  |  |  | Mean | 77,084 | 26,600 | 50,484 | 2.90 | < 0.0001 |
Jung et al. [68] | Enterococcus | VRE | VSE | Total hospital cost | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Mean | 11,741 | 9877 | 1864 | 1.19 | 0.2680 |
Enterococcus | VRE | VSE | ICU cost | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Mean | 6071 | 5303 | 768 | 1.14 | 0.0290 | |
Puchter et al. [69] | Enterococcus | VRE | VSE | Total hospital cost | Median (IQR) | 93,044(55258–200,170) | 61,858(33672–123,176) | 31,186(21587–76,994) | 1.50 | 0.0300 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Enterococcus | VRE | VSE | Hospital cost before culture | Median (IQR) | 28,866(17204–51,932) | 26,780(11894–39,884) |  |  | 0.3860 |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
Enterococcus | VRE | VSE | Hospital cost after culture | Median (IQR) | 61,257(28693–130,128) | 19,399(16652–65,441) | 41,857(12041–64,686) | 3.16 | 0.0490 |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
Jiang et al. [70] | Enterococcus | VRE | VSE | Antibiotic cost | Median | 3406 | 1031 | 2375 | 3.30 | < 0.0001 | Mean (SD) | 5009(3361) | 3361(1612) | 3071(1749) | 2.58 | < 0.0001 |
Pelz et al. [71] | Enterococcus | VRE | Without infection | ICU cost | Median | 50,187 | 28,494 | 21,693 | 1.76 | 0.0300 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Song et al. [72] | Enterococcus | VRE | Without infection | Total hospital charge | Median | 170,917 | 64,235 | 106,682 | 2.66 | < 0.05 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Engler Husch et al. [57] | Enterococcus | VRE | Without colonizaiton | Excess total hospital cost |  |  |  |  |  | Mean (95% CI) |  |  | 1167(802–1533) |  | < 0.01 | |