Categorical variables | Case patients, n (%) | Control patients, n (%) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P value |
Female sex | 4 (50) | 2 (13) | 7.00 (0.92–53.23) | .129 |
Smokera | 3 (38) | 2 (13) | 4.20 (0.54–32.96) | .289 |
Medical history | ||||
Congestive heart failure | 4 (50) | 5 (31) | 2.20 (0.39–12.57) | .412 |
Hypertension | 7 (88) | 7 (44) | 9.00 (0.89–91.26) | .079 |
Myocardial infarction | 2 (25) | 2 (13) | 2.33 (0.26–20.66) | .578 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 1 (13) | 2 (13) | 1.00 (0.08–13.02) | 1.000 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 1 (13) | 3 (19) | 0.62 (0.05–7.12) | 1.000 |
COPD | 1 (13) | 3 (19) | 0.62 (0.05–7.12) | 1.000 |
Diabetes | 0 (0) | 4 (25) | 0.29 (0.03–2.91) | .262 |
Chronic renal failure | 2 (25) | 4 (25) | 1.00 (0.14–7.10) | 1.000 |
Dialysis | 1 (13) | 0 (0) | 4.25 (0.33–54.07) | .333 |
Cirrhosis | 1 (13) | 1 (6) | 2.14 (0.12–39.47) | 1.000 |
Solid organ transplantation | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | 0.89 (0.07–11.22) | 1.000 |
Previous cardiac surgery | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | 0.89 (0.07–11.22) | 1.000 |
Preoperative ICUs or wardsb | ||||
CSICU | 2 (25) | 1 (6) | 5.00 (0.38–66.01) | .249 |
CICU | 1 (13) | 5 (31) | 0.31 (0.03–3.29) | .621 |
MICU | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | 0.89 (0.07–11.22) | 1.000 |
SICU | 1 (13) | 0 (0) | 4.25 (0.33–54.07) | .333 |
Cardiac surgery ward | 3 (38) | 10 (63) | 0.36 (0.06–2.08) | .390 |
Cardiology ward | 2 (25) | 3 (19) | 1.44 (0.19–11.04) | 1.000 |
Gastroenterology ward | 1 (13) | 0 (0) | 4.25 (0.33–54.07) | .333 |
General internal medicine ward | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | 0.89 (0.07–11.22) | 1.000 |
Geriatric ward | 1 (13) | 0 (0) | 4.25 (0.33–54.07) | .333 |
Nephrology ward | 1 (13) | 0 (0) | 4.25 (0.33–54.07) | .333 |
Preoperative medicationc | ||||
Antibioticsd | 2 (25) | 4 (25) | 1.00 (0.14–7.10) | 1.000 |
Proton pump inhibitors | 5 (63) | 4 (25) | 5.00 (0.81–31.00) | .099 |
Systemic corticosteroids | 1 (13) | 1 (6) | 2.14 (0.12–39.47) | 1.000 |
Preoperative ASA score of 5 | 4 (50) | 0 (0) | 17.00 (1.59–181.36) | .007 |
Type of cardiac surgery | ||||
Aortic dissection repair | 2 (25) | 0 (0) | 7.29 (0.64–82.62) | .101 |
Atrial surgerye | 1 (13) | 4 (25) | 0.43 (0.04–4.64) | .631 |
CABGf | 2 (25) | 6 (38) | 0.56 (0.08–3.69) | .667 |
Heart transplantation | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | 0.89 (0.07–11.22) | 1.000 |
LVAD implantationf | 2 (25) | 0 (0) | 7.29 (0.64–82.62) | .101 |
Valve repair or replacementf | 4 (50) | 10 (63) | 0.60 (0.11–3.34) | .673 |
Emergency operation | 4 (50) | 0 (0) | 17.00 (1.59–181.36) | .007 |
Operating room | ||||
Operating room A | 6 (75) | 9 (56) | 2.33 (0.36–15.30) | .657 |
Operating room B | 1 (13) | 7 (44) | 0.18 (0.02–1.86) | .189 |
Operating room C | 1 (13) | 0 (0) | 4.25 (0.33–54.07) | .333 |
Surgeons | ||||
Surgeon A | 4 (50) | 8 (50) | 1.00 (0.18–5.46) | 1.000 |
Surgeon B | 4 (50) | 6 (38) | 1.67 (0.30–9.27) | .673 |
Surgeon C | 4 (50) | 5 (31) | 2.20 (0.39–12.57) | .412 |
Surgeon D | 2 (25) | 8 (50) | 0.33 (0.05–2.18) | .388 |
Surgeon E | 2 (25) | 6 (38) | 0.56 (0.08–3.69) | .667 |
Surgeon F | 2 (25) | 0 (0) | 7.29 (0.64–82.62) | .101 |
Surgeon G | 1 (13) | 0 (0) | 4.25 (0.33–54.07) | .333 |
Surgeon H | 1 (13) | 0 (0) | 4.25 (0.33–54.07) | .333 |
Surgeon I | 1 (13) | 0 (0) | 4.25 (0.33–54.07) | .333 |
Surgeon J | 0 (0) | 4 (25) | 0.29 (0.03–2.91) | .262 |
Surgeon K | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | 0.89 (0.07–11.22) | 1.000 |
Anesthesiologists | ||||
Anesthesiologist A | 5 (63) | 7 (44) | 2.14 (0.38–12.20) | .667 |
Anesthesiologist B | 3 (38) | 6 (38) | 1.00 (0.17–5.77) | 1.000 |
Anesthesiologist C | 2 (25) | 6 (38) | 0.56 (0.08–3.69) | .667 |
Anesthesiologist D | 2 (25) | 3 (19) | 1.44 (0.19–11.04) | 1.000 |
Anesthesiologist E | 2 (25) | 1 (6) | 5.00 (0.38–66.01) | .249 |
Anesthesiologist F | 1 (13) | 0 (0) | 4.25 (0.33–54.07) | .333 |
Anesthesiologist G | 1 (13) | 0 (0) | 4.25 (0.33–54.07) | .333 |
Anesthesiologist H | 0 (0) | 3 (19) | 0.39 (0.04–4.06) | .526 |
Anesthesiologist I | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | 0.89 (0.07–11.22) | 1.000 |
Anesthesiologist J | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | 0.89 (0.07–11.22) | 1.000 |
Anesthesiologist K | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | 0.89 (0.07–11.22) | 1.000 |
Anesthesiologist L | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | 0.89 (0.07–11.22) | 1.000 |
Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis | ||||
Cefazoline | 5 (63) | 14 (88) | 0.24 (0.03–1.87) | .289 |
Vancomycin | 1 (13)g | 0 (0) | 4.25 (0.33–54.07) | .333 |
Amoxicillin–clavulanic acid | 1 (13) | 0 (0) | 4.25 (0.33–54.07) | .333 |
No additional coverageh | 1 (13) | 2 (13) | 1.00 (0.08–13.02) | 1.000 |
Sternotomy | 7 (88) | 12 (75) | 2.33 (0.22–25.25) | .631 |
ECC | 8 (100) | 16 (100) | -i | -i |
Intraoperative TEE | 8 (100) | 16 (100) | -i | -i |
Postoperative TEEj | 7 (88) | 5 (31) | 15.40 (1.47–160.97) | .027 |
Need for revisionk | 5 (63)l | 0 (0) | 25.50 (2.36–275.74) | .001 |
Beds occupied at CSICUm | ||||
Bed A | 1 (13) | 4 (25) | 0.43 (0.04–4.64) | .631 |
Bed B | 1 (13) | 3 (19) | 0.62 (0.05–7.12) | 1.000 |
Bed C | 0 (0) | 3 (19) | 0.39 (0.04–4.06) | .526 |
Bed D | 1 (13) | 3 (19) | 0.62 (0.05–7.12) | 1.000 |
Bed E | 4 (50) | 1 (6) | 15.00 (1.29–174.39) | .028 |
Bed F | 2 (25) | 0 (0) | 7.29 (0.64–82.62) | .101 |
Bed G | 2 (25) | 1 (6) | 5.00 (0.38–66.01) | .249 |
Bed H | 1 (13) | 1 (6) | 2.14 (0.12–39.47) | 1.000 |
Bed I | 1 (13) | 2 (13) | 1.00 (0.08–13.02) | 1.000 |
Bed J | 0 (0) | 4 (25) | 0.29 (0.03–2.91) | .262 |
Deathn | 2 (25) | 1 (6) | 5.00 (0.38–66.01) | .249 |
Continuous variables | Case patients, median (IQR) | Control patients, median (IQR) | P value | |
Age (yrs) | 74 (54–80) | 67 (55–77) | .610 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.5 (24.7–31.0) | 26.2 (24.0–28.2) | .492 | |
Preoperative length of stay (days) | 2 (0–5) | 2 (1–8) | .490 | |
Duration of surgery (minutes) | 275 (221–394) | 197 (158–223) | .011 | |
Duration of ECC (minutes) | 116 (99–356) | 106 (79–145) | .198 | |
Length of stay at CSICU (days) | 15 (6–31) | 3 (1–5) | .006 | |
Postoperative length of stay (days) | 30 (26–39) | 10 (7–13) | <.001 | |
Total length of stay (days) | 34 (26–63) | 12 (8–25) | .001 |