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Table 2 Variables associated with higher antibiotic knowledge in HELIUS study population (N = 21,617) (logistic regression analysis)

From: Knowledge and use of antibiotics in six ethnic groups: the HELIUS study

 

Univariable

Multivariable (N = 20,081a)#

OR

(95% CI)

P-values

aOR

(95% CI)

P-values

Sociodemographics

 Ethnicity

  

<.001

  

<.001

  Dutch

Ref

  

Ref

  

  South-Asian Surinamese

   1st generation

0.49

0.44–0.55

 

0.53

0.47–0.60

 

   2nd generation

0.56

0.47–0.67

 

0.60

0.50–0.73

 

  African Surinamese

   1st generation

0.51

0.46–0.57

 

0.53

0.47–0.59

 

   2nd generation

0.75

0.62–0.91

 

0.79

0.64–0.96

 

  Ghanaian

   1st generation

0.31

0.27–0.34

 

0.31

0.27–0.35

 

   2nd generation

0.64

0.41–0.98

 

0.74

0.47–1.18

 

  Turkish

   1st generation

0.35

0.31–0.39

 

0.40

0.36–0.45

 

   2nd generation

0.56

0.48–0.65

 

0.62

0.53–0.74

 

  Moroccan

   1st generation

0.51

0.45–0.57

 

0.56

0.50–0.63

 

   2nd generation

0.71

0.61–0.83

 

0.75

0.63–0.89

 

 Female sex

1.18

1.11–1.25

<.001

1.32

1.23–1.40

<.001

  Age

  

<.001

  

<.001

    < 25 years

Ref

  

Ref

  

   25–34 years

1.24

1.01–1.34

 

1.32

1.16–1.50

 

   35–44 years

0.99

0.81–1.05

 

1.30

1.14–1.49

 

   45–54 years

0.85

0.71–0.91

 

1.19

1.04–1.37

 

   55–64 years

0.95

0.78–1.02

 

1.26

1.08–1.45

 

    ≥ 65 years

1.06

0.84–1.22

 

1.15

0.95–1.39

 

  Educational level

  

<.001

   

   Unknown

Ref

     

   No school/elementary school

1.10

0.79–1.55

    

   Lower vocational/lower secondary school

1.27

0.91–1.77

    

   Intermediate vocational/ intermediate secondary school

1.54

1.11–2.15

    

   Higher vocational/university

2.06

1.47–2.87

    

  Marital status

  

<.001

   

   Married/registered partnership

Ref

     

   Cohabiting

1.15

1.04–1.27

    

   Unmarried/never married

1.08

1.01–1.16

    

   Divorced/separated

0.81

0.74–0.89

    

   Widow/widower

1.10

0.88–1.36

    

Health status

 Self-reported medical conditions (previous 12 months)

  Diabetes mellitus

0.70

0.63–0.77

<.001

   

  CVA/one-sided loss of bodily function ≤1 day

0.85

0.75–0.97

.015

   

  MI incl. ≥half hour chest pain or dotter/bypass operation

0.71

0.65–0.77

<.001

0.89

0.81–0.98

.017

  Severe heart condition

0.61

0.52–0.73

<.001

   

  Malignant disorder

0.97

0.78–1.20

.752

   

  Severe or chronic fatigue

0.80

0.75–0.85

<.001

0.89

0.82–0.95

.001

  High blood pressure

0.78

0.73–0.84

<.001

   

  Artery stenosis

0.69

0.61–0.78

<.001

   

  Respiratory diseases

0.68

0.62–0.75

<.001

0.80

0.72–0.88

<.001

  Serious/persistent intestinal disorders

0.88

0.79–0.98

.024

   

  Psoriasis

0.76

0.66–0.89

.001

   

  (Chronic) eczema

0.93

0.84–1.02

.121

   

  Incontinence

0.84

0.76–0.93

.001

   

 Body Mass Index

  

<.001

  

.001

   < 18.5

Ref

  

Ref

  

  18.5–25

1.03

0.81–1.31

 

1.02

0.80–1.31

 

  25–30

0.80

0.63–1.01

 

0.96

0.75–1.24

 

  30–40

0.67

0.52–0.85

 

0.86

0.66–1.11

 

   ≥ 40

0.58

0.43–0.78

 

0.78

0.57–1.08

 

Smoking

  

<.001

   

  Yes

Ref

     

  No, never

1.03

0.96–1.11

    

  No, but ever

1.19

1.09–1.30

    

 Alcohol usage

  

<.001

   

  Never

Ref

     

  Not in previous 12 months

0.89

0.80–1.00

    

  Monthly or less

1.10

1.01–1.20

    

  2–4 times per month

1.27

1.16–1.40

    

  2–3 times per week

1.35

1.22–1.49

    

   ≥ 4 times per week

1.59

1.42–1.78

    

 Difficulty with Dutch language

  

<.001

   

  No

Ref

     

  Yes

0.65

0.61–0.69

    

  Not applicable

1.70

1.56–1.85

    

 Perceived health

  

<.001

   

  Excellent

Ref

     

  Very good

0.97

0.85–1.12

    

  Good

0.83

0.73–0.93

    

  Mediocre

0.63

0.56–0.72

    

  Bad

0.48

0.40–0.57

    

Antibiotics

 Ever asked GP for antibiotics

  

<.001

  

<.001

  No, never

Ref

  

Ref

  

  Yes, regularly

0.51

0.40–0.65

 

0.60

0.46–0.77

 

  Yes, occasionally

0.57

0.53–0.61

 

0.59

0.55–0.64

 

 Did not finish treatment

  

<.001

  

<.001

  Always finished or no antibiotics

Ref

  

Ref

  

  Yes, regularly

0.51

0.39–0.67

 

0.71

0.54–0.94

 

  Yes, occasionally

0.73

0.66–0.80

 

0.80

0.73–0.88

 
  1. Abbreviations: OR Odds Ratio, aOR adjusted Odds Ratio, CI Confidence Interval, CVA Cerebro Vascular Accident, MI Myocardial infarction, GP General Practitioner
  2. aFewer observations in the multivariable model than in the total study population were due to missing observations on certain covariates
  3. #We found significant interactions between ethnicity and sex (p = 0.007) and ethnicity and age (p = 0.047)
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Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control

ISSN: 2047-2994

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