An exploration of the gut and environmental resistome in a community in northern Vietnam in relation to antibiotic use

Table 2 The prevalence of AGRs among human, animal, food and water obtained from a subset 304 samples from 40 households

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)	Human (n, %)^‡ n = 93	Animal (n, %)^‡ n = 45	Food (n, %)^‡ n = 75	Water (n, %)^‡ n = 91
mcr-1	82 (88)^{b, c}	42 (93)^{d, e}	10 (13)^{b, d, f}	2 (2)^{c, e, f}
mcr-2	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (1)	0 (0)
mcr-3	51 (55)^{b, c}	23 (51)^{d, e}	21 (28)^{b, d, f}	6 (7)^{c, e, f}
mcr-4	0 (0)	1 (2)	1 (1)	0 (0)
mcr-5	0 (0)	2 (4)	3 (4)	5 (6)
bla_NDM,	4 (4)^b	2 (4)	10 (13)^b	14 (15)
bla_KPC	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
bla_OXA-48	0 (0)^b	0 (0)	6 (8)^{b, f}	2 (2)^f
bla_VIM	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
CTX-M-1	35 (38)^{b, c}	15 (33)^{d, e}	5 (7)^{b, d}	2 (2)^{c, e}
CTX-M-2	17 (18)^c	6 (13)^e	17 (22)^f	0 (0)^{c, f}
CTXM-9	57 (61)^a,b,c	13 (29)^a,d,e	2 (3)^{b, d}	0 (0)^{c, e}
qnrA	9 (9)^a	22 (49)^a,d,e	9 (12)^{d, f}	5 (6)^{e, f}
qnrS	93 (100)^a,b,c	41 (91)^a,d,e	59 (78)^{b, d, f}	30 (33)^c,e,f

^‡Differential proportion of ARGs among sample types was compared using Pearson’s Chi square or Fisher’s exact. Letters a,b,c,d,e,f indicate statistically significant differences (P-value< 0.05) between two sample types (^ahuman animal, ^bhuman and food, ^chuman and water, ^danimal and food, ^eanimal and water, ^fwater and food)

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