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Table 3 Antibiotics prescribed to hospitalized patients (n = 2022)

From: Pattern of inappropriate antibiotic use among hospitalized patients in Pakistan: a longitudinal surveillance and implications

Antibiotic (ATC codes)

Frequency prescribed (N)

Percentage (%)

Penicillins

283

14

 Narrow and broad spectrum

120

42.4

  Ampicillin (J01CA01)

14

0.7

  Amoxicillin (J01CA04)

27

1.3

  Penicillin v (J01 CE08)

79

3.9

 Combination with β-lactamase inhibitor

163

57.6

  Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (J01CR02)

114

5.6

  Piperacillin + tazobactam (J01CR05)

49

2.4

Cephalosporins

933

46.1

 1st generation

114

12.2

  Cephalexin (J01DB01)

31

0.2

  Cefazolin (J01DB04)

86

4.3

  Cephradine (J01DB09)

25

1.3

 2nd generation

83

8.9

  Cefuroxime (J01 DC02)

72

3.6

  Cefaclor (J01 DC04)

11

0.5

 3rd generation

729

78.1

  Cefotaxime (J01DD01)

23

1.4

  Ceftazidime (J01DD02)

20

0.9

  Ceftriaxone (J01DD04)

423

21

  Cefixime (J01DD08)

32

1.6

  Cefoperazone and salbactum (J01DD62)

231

11.4

 4th generation

7

0.80

  Cefepime (J01DE01)

7

0.3

Carbapenems

31

1.5

 Imipenem (J01DH51)

9

0.4

 Meropenem (J01DH02)

22

1

Macrolides

59

2.9

 Erythromycin (J01FA01)

4

0.2

 Clarithromycin (J01FA09)

48

2.4

 Azithromycin (J01FA10)

7

0.3

Aminoglycosides

315

15.6

 Gentamicin (J01GB03)

8

0.4

 Amikacin (J01GB06)

307

15.2

Fluoroquinolones

193

9.5

 Ciprofloxacin (J01MA02)

130

6.4

 Levofloxacin (J01MA12)

17

0.8

 Moxifloxacin (J01MA14)

41

2

 Ofloxacin (J01MA01)

3

0.1

 Norfloxacin (J01MA06)

2

0.09

Others Antibacterials

208

10.4

 Vancomycin (J01XA01)

80

4.0

 Metronidazole (J01XD01)

119

5.9

 Linezolid (J01XX08)

9

0.5