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Table 1 Clinical characteristics of pneumonia patients caused by K. pneumoniae

From: Clinical characteristics of patients with pneumonia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae in Taiwan and prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant and hypervirulent strains: a retrospective study

Variable

CAP (n = 68)

HCAP (n = 74)

HAP (n = 134)

p value

CAP vs. HCAP

HCAP vs. HAP

CAP vs. HAP

Demographics

 Age, (Mean ± SD), years

77.13 ± 14.56

77.03 ± 13.85

74.25 ± 15.43

0.736

0.302

0.161

 Gender, male

53 (77.9)

62 (83.8)

102 (76.1)

0.375

0.195

0.772

Days of hospitalization prior to culture, median (IQR), days

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

12.0 (5.8–22.3)

N/A

< 0.001

< 0.001

Underlying disease

 Malignancy

26 (38.2)

32 (43.2)

51 (38.1)

0.544

0.465

0.981

 Diabetes mellitus

20 (29.4)

33 (44.6)

51 (38.1)

0.062

0.358

0.224

 Chronic kidney disease

45 (66.2)

34 (45.9)

75 (56.0)

0.015

0.166

0.163

 Hemodialysis

0 (0.0)

3 (4.1)

8 (6.0)

0.246

0.750

0.053

 Congestive heart failure

5 (7.4)

14 (18.9)

26 (19.4)

0.043

0.932

0.025

 Liver cirrhosis

4 (5.9)

2 (2.7)

8 (6.0)

0.426

0.500

1.000

 Cerebral vascular disease

12 (17.6)

24 (32.4)

31 (23.1)

0.043

0.145

0.368

 Chronic obstructive lung disease

10 (14.7)

14 (18.9)

16 (11.9)

0.503

0.170

0.579

 Collagen vascular disease

0 (0.0)

2 (2.7)

10 (7.5)

0.497

0.220

0.018

 Transplantation

1 (1.5)

1 (1.4)

3 (2.2)

1.000

1.000

1.000

 Immunosuppressiona

2 (2.9)

19 (25.7)

45 (33.6)

< 0.001

0.237

< 0.001

Invasive procedures and devices at onset of pneumonia

37 (54.4)

58 (78.4)

118 (88.1)

0.002

0.064

< 0.001

 Central venous catheter

4 (5.9)

12 (16.2)

49 (36.6)

0.065

0.002

< 0.001

 Nasogastric/Nasojejunal tube

26 (38.2)

43 (58.1)

95 (70.9)

0.018

0.062

< 0.001

 Urinary catheter

18 (26.5)

28 (37.8)

79 (59.0)

0.148

0.004

< 0.001

 Endotracheal tubeb

1 (1.5)

0 (0.0)

39 (29.1)

0.479

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Tracheostomy

0 (0.0)

3 (4.1)

8 (6.0)

0.246

0.750

0.053

 Surgical drainage

0 (0.0)

1 (1.4)

18 (13.4)

1.000

0.002

< 0.001

Surgery within 2 weeks

1 (1.5)

2 (2.7)

33 (24.6)

1.000

< 0.001

< 0.001

Prior antibiotic exposure

 Any antibiotic

0 (0.0)

22 (29.7)

103 (76.9)

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 1st or 2nd generation cephalosporinc

0 (0.0)

7 (9.5)

36 (26.9)

0.014

0.003

< 0.001

 3rd or 4th generation cephalosporind

0 (0.0)

3 (4.1)

24 (17.9)

0.246

0.004

< 0.001

 β-lactam and β-lactamase inhibitore

0 (0.0)

15 (20.3)

59 (44.0)

< 0.001

0.001

< 0.001

 Carbapenemf

0 (0.0)

4 (5.4)

16 (11.9)

0.121

0.147

0.002

 Fluoroquinoloneg

0 (0.0)

1 (1.4)

19 (14.2)

1.000

0.002

< 0.001

 Aminoglycosideh

0 (0.0)

1 (1.4)

3 (2.2)

1.000

1.000

0.552

 Tigecycline

0 (0.0)

2 (2.7)

9 (6.7)

0.497

0.334

0.030

 Glycopeptidei

0 (0.0)

3 (4.1)

24 (17.9)

0.246

0.004

< 0.001

 Metronidazole

0 (0.0)

1 (1.4)

3 (2.2)

1.000

1.000

0.552

SOFA score, median (IQR)

6.0 (4.0–10.8)

7.5 (5.0–10.0)

6.5 (4.0–10.0)

0.114

0.083

0.835

APACHE II score, median (IQR)

18.0 (12.0–23.0)

23.0 (13.0–26.3)

20.0 (16.0–25.0)

0.003

0.163

0.020

  1. Data are presented as number (%) of patients, unless stated otherwise
  2. SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range, PSI Pneumonia Severity Index, APACHE Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation, N/A not applicable
  3. aImmunosuppression was defined as meeting one of the following criteria: neutropenia, use of corticosteroids, or receiving chemotherapy
  4. bEndotracheal tube was defined as patient being intubated at the onset of bacteremia
  5. cIncluding cefazolin and cefuroxime
  6. dIncluding cefoperazone, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cefepime, and cefpirome
  7. eIncluding amoxicillin/clavulanate, ampicillin/sulbactam, piperacillin/tazobactam, and ticarcillin/clavulanate
  8. fIncluding ertapenem, imipenem, meropenem, and doripenem
  9. gIncluding ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin
  10. hIncluding amikacin, gentamicin and isepamicin
  11. iIncluding vancomycin and teicoplanin
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Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control

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