From: European intensive care physicians’ experience of infections due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria
European sub-region | Total | P-value | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eastern | Northern | Southern | Western | ||||||||
Total replies [n (%)]a | 94 | (8.9) | 233 | (21.9) | 248 | (23.4) | 487 | (45.9) | 1062 | (100) | |
Hospital and ICU characteristics | |||||||||||
Type of hospital [n, (%)]b | |||||||||||
General hospital | 35 | (37.2) | 100 | (42.9) | 124 | (50.0) | 192 | (39.4) | 451 | (42.5) | < 0.05 |
University/teaching | 59 | (62.8) | 133 | (57.1) | 124 | (50.0) | 295 | (60.6) | 611 | (57.5) | |
Type of ICU [n (%)]b | |||||||||||
Medical ICU | 10 | (10.6) | 6 | (2.6) | 22 | (8.9) | 53 | (10.9) | 91 | (8.6) | < 0.001 |
Surgical ICU | 5 | (5.3) | 5 | (2.1) | 12 | (4.8) | 112 | (23.0) | 134 | (12.6) | |
Mixed ICU | 66 | (70.2) | 197 | (84.5) | 184 | (74.2) | 289 | (59.3) | 736 | (69.3) | |
Other ICU | 13 | (13.8) | 25 | (10.7) | 30 | (12.1) | 33 | (6.8) | 101 | (9.5) | |
Number of beds in the ICU [Median (IQR)] | |||||||||||
10 | (6–13.5) | 12 | (8–20) | 10 | (8–15) | 14 | (10–20) | 12 | (8–18) | < 0.001 | |
Number of yearly ICU admissions [n (%)]b | |||||||||||
≤ 300 | 29 | (30.9) | 15 | (6.4) | 57 | (23.0) | 25 | (5.1) | 126 | (11.9) | < 0.001 |
301–600 | 44 | (46.8) | 62 | (26.6) | 101 | (40.7) | 160 | (32.9) | 367 | (34.6) | |
601–1200 | 13 | (13.8) | 101 | (43.3) | 65 | (25.8) | 190 | (39.0) | 368 | (34.7) | |
> 1200 | 5 | (5.3) | 53 | (22.7) | 22 | (8.9) | 105 | (21.6) | 185 | (17.4) | |
Missing | 3 | (3.2) | 2 | (0.9) | 4 | (1.6) | 7 | (1.4) | 16 | (1.5) | |
Characteristics of participating ICU physicians | |||||||||||
Training status [n (%)]b | |||||||||||
ICU specialist | 78 | (83.0) | 178 | (76.4) | 208 | (83.9) | 386 | (79.3) | 850 | (80.0) | < 0.05 |
Medical specialist | 1 | (1.1) | 5 | (2.1) | 13 | (5.2) | 25 | (5.1) | 44 | (4.1) | |
Surgery specialist | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 2 | (0.4) | 2 | (0.2) | |
In training for ICU specialist | 9 | (9.6) | 35 | (15.0) | 16 | (6.5) | 40 | (8.2) | 100 | (9.4) | |
Other | 1 | (1.1) | 7 | (3.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 4 | (0.8) | 12 | (1.1) | |
Missing | 5 | (5.3) | 8 | (3.4) | 11 | (4.4) | 30 | (6.2) | 54 | (5.1) | |
Years of clinical practice in ICU [Median (IQR)] | |||||||||||
20 | (11.25–33.5) | 15 | (8–26) | 15 | (8–26) | 18 | (8–35) | 17 | (8–32.75) | NS | |
Percentage of time dedicated to ICU [Median (IQR)] | |||||||||||
61 | (51–83.5) | 61 | (51–81) | 96 | (71–100) | 81 | (51–100) | 80 | (51–100) | < 0.001 | |
Perception of MDR bacteria [n (%)]b | |||||||||||
Minor problem | 17 | (18.1) | 115 | (49.4) | 63 | (25.4) | 196 | (40.2) | 391 | (36.8) | < 0.001 |
Moderate problem | 34 | (36.2) | 79 | (33.9) | 80 | (32.3) | 167 | (34.3) | 360 | (33.9) | |
Major problem | 38 | (40.4) | 31 | (13.3) | 94 | (37.9) | 94 | (19.3) | 257 | (24.2) | |
Missing | 5 | (5.3) | 8 | (3.4) | 11 | (4.4) | 30 | (6.2) | 54 | (5.1) | |
Antibiotic therapy prescription [n (%)]b | |||||||||||
Commonly | 25 | (26.6) | 60 | (25.8) | 84 | (33.9) | 179 | (36.8) | 348 | (32.8) | NS |
Often | 55 | (58.5) | 141 | (60.5) | 140 | (56.5) | 254 | (52.2) | 590 | (55.6) | |
Rarely | 14 | (14.9) | 32 | (13.7) | 24 | (9.7) | 54 | (11.1) | 124 | (11.7) | |
Management of antimicrobial treatment | |||||||||||
External specialist consultation in case of resistant or difficult to treat infections [n (%)]b | |||||||||||
Infectious disease specialist | 18 | (19.1) | 91 | (39.1) | 140 | (56.5) | 306 | (62.8) | 555 | (52.3) | < 0.001 |
Other external specialists | 62 | (66.0) | 133 | (57.1) | 41 | (16.5) | 115 | (23.6) | 351 | (33.1) | |
No consultation of external specialists | 9 | (9.6) | 1 | (0.4) | 53 | (21.4) | 32 | (6.6) | 95 | (8.9) | |
Missing/Do not know | 5 | (5.3) | 8 | (3.4) | 14 | (5.6) | 34 | (7.0) | 61 | (5.7) | |
Availability of protocols for empiric treatment in the ICU [n (%)]b | |||||||||||
Yes | 61 | (64.9) | 217 | (93.1) | 175 | (70.6) | 311 | (63.9) | 764 | (71.9) | < 0.001 |
No | 28 | (29.8) | 6 | (2.6) | 58 | (23.4) | 138 | (28.3) | 230 | (21.7) | |
Do not know | 0 | (0.0) | 1 | (0.4) | 2 | (0.8) | 5 | (1.0) | 8 | (0.8) | |
Missing | 5 | (5.3) | 9 | (3.9) | 13 | (5.2) | 33 | (6.8) | 60 | (5.6) | |
Type of guidelines/protocols/recommendations used for antimicrobial treatment [n (%)]b | |||||||||||
ICU-specific | 48 | (51.1) | 117 | (50.2) | 118 | (47.6) | 236 | (48.5) | 519 | (48.9) | NS |
Other (hospital-specific, national or international) | 29 | (30.9) | 91 | (39.1) | 84 | (33.9) | 155 | (31.8) | 359 | (33.8) | |
None of the above | 3 | (3.2) | 0 | (0.0) | 5 | (2.0) | 13 | (2.7) | 21 | (2.0) | |
Do not know | 2 | (2.1) | 1 | (0.4) | 1 | (0.4) | 3 | (0.6) | 7 | (0.7) | |
Missing | 12 | (12.8) | 24 | (10.3) | 40 | (16.1) | 80 | (16.4) | 156 | (14.7) | |
Availability of resistance statistics for the ICU [n (%)]b | |||||||||||
Regularly | 58 | (61.7) | 111 | (47.6) | 142 | (57.3) | 261 | (53.6) | 572 | (53.9) | < 0.001 |
Irregularly | 15 | (16.0) | 51 | (21.9) | 46 | (18.5) | 84 | (17.2) | 196 | (18.5) | |
Not at all | 7 | (7.4) | 18 | (7.7) | 15 | (6.0) | 36 | (7.4) | 76 | (7.2) | |
Do not know | 2 | (2.1) | 29 | (12.4) | 5 | (2.0) | 28 | (5.7) | 64 | (6.0) | |
Missing | 12 | (12.8) | 24 | (10.3) | 40 | (16.1) | 78 | (16.0) | 154 | (14.5) |