An estimation of total antimicrobial usage in humans and animals in Vietnam

Table 1 Calculation of total annual AMU in each animal production type

Category	Sub-category	No. of animals	Type of data^a	Weight unit (kg)	Annual bodymass (kg)	AMU^b (mg per kg)	AGPs in commercial feed (mg per kg)	Total AMU (mg per kg)	Total AMU (tonnes)
Swine	Breeding pigs	4,128,032	Census	240	990,727,726	46.1¹	286.6²	332.7	329.6
Swine	Slaughter pigs (except breeders)	48,567,582	Production	78.6	3,817,411,914	46.1¹	286.6²	332.7	1270.1
Poultry	Chickens	88,777,000	Production	1.8	699,798,600	187.7^{3, 4}	77.4²	265.1	185.5
	Ducks	101,931,884	Production	2	203,863,767	93.9⁵	38.7⁵	132.6	27.0
	Muscovies	17,652,638	Production	3.2	56,488,440	93.9⁵	38.7⁵	132.6	7.5
	Geese	641,212	Production	3.2	2,051,877	93.9⁵	38.7⁵	132.6	0.3
	Quails	13,526,147	Production	0.13	1,758,399	93.9⁵	38.7⁵	132.6	0.2
Bovine	Breeding bovines	3,472,891	Census	325	1,128,330,008	52.4⁶	0.0	52.4	59.1
Bovine	Slaughter bovines (except breeding animals)	1,220,131	Production	200	244,026,240	52.4⁶	0.0	52.4	12.8
Buffalo	Breeding buffaloes	378,549	Population	500	189,274,500	52.4⁶	0.0	52.4	9.9
Buffalo	Slaughter buffaloes	297,216	Production	300	89,164,711	52.4⁶	0.0	52.4	4.7
Sheep	Breeding animals (est.)	26,901	Census	75	2,017,556	52.4⁶	0.0	52.4	0.1
Sheep	Number slaughtered (except breeders)	64,368	Production	75	4,827,600	52.4⁶	0.0	52.4	0.3
Goats	Breeding animals (est.)	444,411	Census	75	33,330,833	52.4⁶	0.0	52.4	1.7
Goats	Number slaughtered (except breeders)	699,515	Production	75	52,463,597	52.4⁶	0.0	52.4	2.7
Aquaculture	All species (domestic)	–	Production		835,000,000	477.1⁷	–	477.1⁷	398.5
Aquaculture	All species (export)	–	Production		2,775,000,000	159.1⁸	–	159.1⁸	441.4
All animals					11,125,535,768				2751.4

AMU Antimicrobial use, AGPs Antimicrobial growth promoters (in commercial feed)
^aData derived from official country statistics [10, 11]. ‘Census’ refers to ‘No. standing animals’, ‘Production’ refers to ‘No. of slaughtered animals’, except for aquaculture, where it refers to ‘No. of kg produced’
^bExcluding antimicrobial growth promoters in commercial feed; ¹ Nguyen et al. (2016) [15]; ² Van Cuong et al. (2016) [17]; ^3,4 Average of two studies: Carrique-Mas et al. (2014) [13] and Cuong et al. (2019) [14]; ⁵ Based on 50% of quantities used in chicken production; ⁶ Hosoi et al. (2014) [19]; ⁷ Pham et al. (2015) [16]; ⁸ Assuming that AMU for export production is 1/3 of the magnitude of AMU for domestic production

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