Skip to main content

Table 2 Microbiological methods of the 22 included studies

From: Acquisition of multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales during international travel: a systematic review of clinical and microbiological characteristics and meta-analyses of risk factors

Study

Enrichment

Selective media

AST

Confirmation of ESBL

CPE-targeted isolation method

CPE screening in isolates

Kennedy [21]

Yes

BHI broth with vancomycin disk

Yes

MacConkey with NAL disk, horse BA with gentamicin, ChromID ESBL

VITEK2

Disk-diffusion, PCR for blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M

No

No

Tängdén [12]

Yes

LB broth with cefotaxime

Yes

MacConkey with cefotaxime and ceftazidime disks

E-test

Disk-diffusion

No

No, only carbapenem AST

Weisenberg [22]

No

NA

Yes

MacConkey with cefpodoxime

VITEK2

Disk-diffusion, PCR for blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M

No

Yes, PCR for blaKPC, blaIMP, blaVIM, blaOXA-48, blaNDM

Östholm-Balkhed [23]

No

NA

Yes

ChromID ESBL, chromogenic UTI agar with antibiotic disks

E-test

E-test, PCR for blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M

No

No, only carbapenem AST

Paltansing [25]

Yes

TSB with cefotaxime and vancomycin

Yes

ChromID ESBL

VITEK2

Disk-diffusion, microarray for blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M

No

Yes, microarray to detect blaKPC, blaIMP, blaVIM, blaOXA-48, blaNDM-1

Kuenzli [26]

Yes

TSB with 0.5% sodium chloride

Yes

ChromID ESBL, MacConkey with ertapenem disk

VITEK2

Disk-diffusion, selection of isolates: microarray for blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M

Yes

Yes, modified Hodge, selection of isolates: microarray for blaKPC, blaIMP, blaVIM, blaOXA-48, blaNDM

von Wintersdorff [27]

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

PCR for blaCTX-M

No

Yes, PCR for blaNDM

Angelin [28]

No

NA

Yes

ChromID ESBL

Disk-diffusion

E-test

No

Yes, disk-diffusion for blaOXA-48 and blaOXA-181 and CT103XL microarray

Kantele [29]

No

NA

Yes

ESBL, KPC (CHROMagar)

VITEK2

Disk-diffusion

Yes

No, only AST

Lübbert [30]

No

NA

Yes

CHROMagar ESBL, CHROMagar KPC plate

Microbroth dilution

E-test, PCR for blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M

Yes

Yes, multiplex PCR for blaKPC, blaIMP, blaVIM, blaOXA-48, blaNDM

Ruppé [31]

Yes

(1) BHI broth with cefotaxime; (2) BHI broth with ertapenem

Yes

(1) With and without enrichment: ChromID ESBL agar; without enrichment: bi-valve ESBL agar; (2) Drigalski agar with ertapenem and imipenem E-test

Disk-diffusion

PCR for blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, and blaVEB

Yes

Yes, PCR for blaKPC, blaIMP, blaVIM, blaOXA-48, blaNDM

Bernasconi [32]

Yes

LB broth with a cefuroxime disk

Yes

BLSE, ChromID ESBL, Supercarba selective plates

Microdilution

CT103XL microarray

No

Yes, CT103XL microarray

Mizuno [33]

No

NA

Yes

ChromID ESBL

MicroScan Neg Combo 6.11 J panel

Disk-diffusion

No

No, only imipenem AST

Reuland [34]

Yes

TSB with ampicillin

Yes

EbSA ESBL agar, CLED agar with ciprofloxacin disk

VITEK2

Disk-diffusion, PCR for ESBL genes

No

Yes, ertapenem E-test, PCR for carbapenemase genes followed by sequencing

Vading [35]

Yes

LB broth with meropenem

Yes

In-house chromogenic base with cloxacillin and meropenem; without enrichment: ChromID ESBL

Disk-diffusion

Vitek2, Check-MDR microarray

Yes

Yes, Check-MDR microarray

van Hattem [36]

Yes

TSB with vancomycin

Yes

ChromID ESBL, chromID OXA-48 agar

VITEK2, E-test

Disk-diffusion, Identibac® AMR08 microarray

Yes

Yes, Identibac® AMR08 microarray and targeted PCR and DNA sequencing

Arcilla [37]

Yes

TSB with vancomycin

Yes

ChromID ESBL

VITEK2

Disk-diffusion

No

No

Leangapichart [38, 43, 44]

Yes

TSB

Yes

MacConkey with cefotaxime and Cepacia agar

Disk-diffusion

PCR for blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M

No

No, only imipenem AST

Peirano [39]

No

NA

Yes

ChromID ESBL, chromID-CARBA SMART

VITEK2

Disk-diffusion, PCR for blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M

Yes

Partly, carbapenem AST, PCR for blaOXA

Bevan [40]

Yes

BHI broth with cefpodoxime disk

Yes

Oxoid ESBL brilliance agar, Oxoid UTI brilliance agar with cefpodoxime disk

NP

PCR for CTX-M ESBL genes

No

Yes, WGS and bioinformatics screening

Nakayama [41]

No

NA

Yes

CHROMagar ECC with 1 μg/mL cefotaxime

Disk diffusion

Double-disk synergy test, PCR for ESBL genes

No

No, only meropenem AST

Schaumburg [42]

No

NA

Yes

ChromID-ESBL, chromID-CARBA

VITEK2

Double-disk diffusion

Yes

Yes, modified Hodge test and PCR for blaKPC2–15, blaVIM1–37, blaNDM1–7, blaOXA-48, blaOXA-181

  1. Abbreviations: NAL Nalidixic acid; NA Not applicable; NR Not reported; AST Antimicrobial susceptibility testing; TSB Tryptic soy broth; ESBL Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase; KPC Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase; BA Blood agar; LB Luria-Bertani; BHI Brain heart infusion; CLED Cystine lactose electrolyte-deficient medium; SMART Solutions to manage the antimicrobial resistance threat; NP Not performed; WGS Whole-genome sequencing