Poor infection prevention and control standards are associated with environmental contamination with carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales and other multidrug-resistant bacteria in Swiss companion animal clinics

Table 5 Results of environmental examinations for multidrug-resistant organisms in Clinics/Practices D–G

Area	Clinic D^a		Clinic E^a				Practice F^a		Practice G^a
Area	No. of sampling sites^b	All MDROs tested	No. of sampling sites^b	MRS	CPE	Macrococcus spp.	No. of sampling sites^b	MRS	No. of sampling sites^b	MRS
Waiting area	2	0	2	1	0	0	2	0	2	1
Consultation rooms	4	0	5	1	1	2	5	2	5	0
Radiology	1	0	2	0	0	1	2	0	1	2
Ward	4	0	5	1	0	1	7	0	6	0
Pre-OR area	4	0	4	1	0	1	4	0	2	0
OR	7	0	4	0	0	0	3	0	5	0
Laboratory	3	0	4	1	0	0	5	0	4	0
Office	2	0	1	0	0	0	2	0	0	0
Utensils^c	8	0	8	1	0	2	8	0	8	0
Others^d	3	0	4	0	0	1	2	0	4	0
Total no. of sampling sites	38		39				40		37
Total no. (%) of positive sampling sites	0 (0)	0 (0)	13 (33)	6 (15)	1 (3)	8 (21)	2 (5)	2 (5)	3 (8)	3 (8)

^a Results for all included MDROs are shown (Methicillin-resistant staphylococci, ESBL- and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales and Macrococcus spp.); missing rows indicate no positive result for this group of MDROs. Positive results are shown in bold. Details on species, strain and minimal inhibitory concentrations of the isolates are specified in Tables 1 and 2. ^bDetails on sampling sites are indicated in Additional file 3. ^cUtensils: phones, stethoscopes, thermometers, otoscopes, clippers, ultrasonography devices, clamps / scissors, muzzles, dental cleaning devices / utensils. ^dOthers: feeding utensils, lingerie, changing rooms, sterilizer
Abbreviations: MDROs multidrug resistant organisms, MRS Methicillin-resistant staphylococci, CPE carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales, OR operating room

ISSN: 2047-2994