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Table 1 Variation in antimicrobial consumption and resistance to cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and macrolides for six bacterial species in 30 European Countries. Values reported as medians (interquartile ranges)

From: Gonococcal resistance can be viewed productively as part of a syndemic of antimicrobial resistance: an ecological analysis of 30 European countries

 

Antimicrobial consumption

Antimicrobial Resistance

 

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Escherichia coli

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Acinetobacter spp.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

1997

FD

2018

FD

2009

2018

2000

2018

2005

2018

2005

2018

2005

2018

2005

2018

N

14

 

29

 

17

27

4

29

21

29

26

28

26

28

26

29

ESCephalosporin

1.7 (0.6–4.0)

313

1.9 (0.6–2.7)

262

0.9 (0.0–6.4)a

0.0 (0.0–2.2)a

0.2 (0.1–1.9)

13.8 (9.6–19.3)

7.1 (4.1–27.7)

30.8 (12.8–53.3)

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Fluoroquinolone

1.0 (0.5–1.6)

13.8

1.2 (0.8–2.3)

7.0

70.0 (49.1–79.2)

55.0 (44.4–60.0)

3.8 (2.5–6.0)

23.9 (17.7–32.1)

11.1 (4.9–34.0)

30.4 (13.2–52.7)

NA

NA

15.2 (8.1–22.5)

13.3 (7.5–20.5)

15.2 (8.1–22.5)

15.0 (10.4–26.0)

Macrolide

2.9 (1.8–3.4)

5.4

2.8 (1.9–3.6)

12.7

6.6 (2.6–14.5)

7.7 (3.2–12.7)

NA

NA

NA

NA

15.2 (8.1–22.5)

13.3 (7.5–20.5)

NA

NA

NA

NA

  1. a Cefixime; ESCephalosporin Extended Spectrum Cephalosporin, FD Fold Difference in antimicrobial consumption between highest and lowest consumption country-year, NA Not Available/Not Applicable