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Table 1 Bivariate analysis of risk factors for extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii acquisition in the open-bay intensive care unit during the study period

From: The effect of temporary closure and enhanced terminal disinfection using aerosolized hydrogen peroxide of an open-bay intensive care unit on the acquisition of extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii

Characteristics

Total

(N = 335 patients) (%)

Group 1

(N = 44 patients) (%)

Group 2

(N = 282 patients) (%)

P (Group 1 vs. Group 2)

Group 3

(N = 9 patients) (%)

Age (years)

≤ 45

49 (14.6)

4 (9.1)

44 (15.6)

0.23

1 (11.1)

> 45 and < 75

132 (39.4)

15 (34.1)

115 (40.8)

2 (22.2)

≥ 75

154 (46.0)

25 (56.8)

123 (43.6)

6 (66.7)

Gender

   

0.29

 

Female

165 (49.3)

25 (56.8)

136 (48.2)

4 (44.4)

Male

170 (50.7)

19 (43.2)

146 (51.8)

5 (55.6)

Cause of ICU admission

Respiratory problem

117 (34.9)

15 (34.1)

97 (34.4)

0.97

5 (55.6)

Septic shock

102 (30.4)

16 (36.4)

83 (29.4)

0.35

3 (33.3)

Post-surgical Observation

38 (11.3)

5 (11.4)

33 (11.7)

0.95

0 (0.0)

Other causes

78 (23.3)

8 (18.2)

69 (24.5)

0.36

1 (11.1)

Intra-abdominal surgery

23 (6.9)

4 (9.1)

19 (6.8)

0.53

0 (0.0)

Pressure ulcer

51 (15.2)

9 (20.5)

38 (13.5)

0.22

4 (44.4)

Wound

17 (5.1)

6 (13.6)

10 (3.5)

0.01

1 (11.1)

Urinary catheter

306 (91.3)

44 (100.0)

253 (89.7)

0.02

9 (100.0)

< 5 d

176 (52.5)

10 (22.7)

163 (57.8)

< 0.0001

3 (33.3)

≥ 5 d

159 (47.5)

34 (77.3)

119 (42.2)

6 (66.7)

Mechanical ventilation

169 (50.4)

36 (81.8)

126 (44.7)

< 0.0001

7 (77.8)

< 2 d

204 (60.9)

9 (20.5)

190 (67.4)

0.002

5 (55.6)

≥ 2 d

131 (39.1)

35 (79.5)

92 (32.6)

4 (44.4)

BiPAP use at hospital

83 (24.8)

11 (25.0)

70 (24.8)

0.98

2 (22.2)

BiPAP use at home

25 (7.5)

2 (4.5)

23 (8.2)

0.55

0 (0.0)

Central line

105 (31.3)

19 (43.2)

82 (29.1)

0.06

4 (44.4)

Kemal catheter

33 (9.9)

6 (13.6)

27 (9.6)

0.42

0 (0.0)

Hemodialysis in ICU

44 (13.1)

5 (11.4)

39 (13.8)

0.66

0 (0.0)

Use of vasopressors

173 (51.6)

27 (61.4)

141 (50.0)

0.16

5 (55.6)

APACHE II score

< 20

220 (65.7)

27 (61.4)

189 (67.0)

0.46

4 (44.4)

≥ 20

115 (34.3)

17 (38.6)

93 (33.3)

5 (55.6)

Between 20 and 29

86 (25.7)

15 (34.1)

68 (73.1)

0.35

3 (33.3)

≥ 30

29 (8.7)

2 (4.5)

25 (26.9)

2 (22.2)

CCI score

0

38 (11.3)

3 (6.8)

34 (12.1)

0.047

1 (11.1)

1–2

31 (9.3)

4 (9.1)

26 (9.2)

1 (11.1)

3–4

75 (22.4)

12 (27.3)

61 (21.6)

2 (22.2)

5–6

97 (29.0)

19 (43.2)

76 (27.0)

2 (22.2)

7–8

62 (18.5)

6 (13.6)

55 (19.5)

1 (11.1)

> 8

32 (9.6)

0 (0.0)

30 (10.6)

2 (22.2)

< 4

91 (27.2)

12 (27.3)

76 (27.0)

0.96

3 (33.3)

≥ 4

244 (72.8)

32 (72.7)

206 (73.0)

6 (66.7)

XDR-AB contact pressure

147 (43.9)

33 (75.0)

113 (40.1)

< 0.0001

1 (11.1)

< 3 d

252 (75.2)

14 (31.8)

230 (81.6)

< 0.0001

8 (88.9)

≥ 3 d

83 (24.8)

30 (68.2)

52 (18.4)

1 (11.1)

Blood Transfusion

98 (29.3)

11 (25.0)

82 (29.1)

0.58

5 (55.6)

CAR use

195 (58.2)

31 (70.5)

157 (55.7)

0.06

7 (77.8)

< 4 d

208 (62.1)

19 (43.2)

185 (65.6)

0.004

4 (44.4)

≥ 4 d

127 (37.9)

25 (56.8)

97 (34.4)

5 (55.6)

< 7 d

246 (73.4)

25 (56.8)

216 (76.6)

0.005

5 (55.6)

≥ 7 d

89 (26.6)

19 (43.2)

66 (23.4)

4 (44.4)

TZP use

119 (35.5)

23 (52.3)

93 (33.0)

0.01

3 (33.3)

< 4 d

275 (82.1)

34 (77.3)

234 (83.0)

0.36

7 (77.8)

≥ 4 d

60 (17.9)

10 (22.7)

48 (17.0)

2 (22.2)

CAR or TZP use

259 (77.3)

43 (97.7)

207 (73.4)

< 0.0001

9 (100.0)

< 4 d

164 (49.0)

12 (27.3)

149 (52.8)

0.002

3 (33.3)

≥ 4 d

171 (51.0)

32 (72.7)

133 (47.2)

6 (66.7)

LOS in the ICU

< 4 days

175 (52.2)

7 (15.9)

164 (58.2)

< 0.0001

4 (44.4)

≥ days

160 (47.8)

37 (84.1)

118 (41.8)

5 (55.6)

Number of patients who stayed in the ICU during each numerical week after ETDa

Week 1

54 (16.1)

6 (13.6)

44 (15.6)

0.74

4 (44.4)

Week 2

35 (10.4)

5 (11.4)

27 (9.6)

0.78

3 (33.3)

Week 3

37 (11.0)

5 (11.4)

32 (11.3)

1.00

0 (0.0)

Week 4

35 (10.4)

5 (11.4)

29 (10.3)

0.79

1 (11.1)

Week 5

38 (11.3)

6 (13.6)

31 (11.0)

0.61

1 (11.1)

Week 6

31 (9.3)

8 (18.2)

21 (7.4)

0.04

2 (22.2)

Week 7

30 (9.0)

7 (15.9)

21 (7.4)

0.08

2 (22.2)

Week 8

38 (11.3)

6 (13.6)

31 (11.0)

0.61

1 (11.1)

Week 9

36 (10.7)

8 (18.2)

26 (9.2)

0.11

2 (22.1)

Week 10

19 (5.7)

5 (11.4)

14 (5.0)

0.15

0 (0.0)

Week 11

25 (7.5)

7 (15.9)

17 (6.0)

0.03

1 (11.1)

Week 12

26 (7.8)

8 (18.2)

17 (6.0)

0.01

1 (11.1)

Week 13

22 (6.6)

7 (15.9)

14 (5.0)

0.01

1 (11.1)

Week 14

20 (6.0)

10 (22.7)

10 (3.5)

< 0.0001

0 (0.0)

Week 15

17 (5.1)

8 (18.2)

9 (3.2)

0.001

0 (0.0)

Week 16

18 (5.4)

6 (13.6)

12 (4.3)

0.02

0 (0.0)

  1. KEY = APACHE Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation, BiPAP Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure, CAR Carbapenems, CCI Charlson Comorbidity Index, d days, ETD Enhanced Terminal Disinfection, ICU Intensive Care Unit, LOS Length of Stay, TZP Piperacillin/Tazobactam, XDR-AB Extensively-drug resistant Acinetobacter bumannii
  2. N.B
  3. In this study, we divided ICU patients to three groups based on their acquisition of XDR A. baumannii (XDR-AB):
  4. -Group 1 or test group included patients who acquired XDR-AB during their stay at least 48 h after admission to the ICU or until 1 week after discharge from the ICU.
  5. -Group 2 or control group included patients admitted to ICU during the study period and who did not show any evidence of XDR-AB acquisition at anytime.
  6. -Group 3 included patients who:
  7. 1. Had positive XDR-AB cultures recovered from any body site within the first 48 h of admission to the ICU,
  8. 2. Had evidence of colonization and /or infection with XDR-AB from a previous admission to our facility during 1 year prior to the study period,
  9. 3. Were admitted to our ICU or any other ICU in the past 3 months prior to the study period,
  10. 4. Were transferred from or admitted to another acute-care or long-term healthcare facility within the past 3 months prior to the study period.
  11. aPatients who resided in the ICU during numerical weeks 1 to 16 were only included since the number of patient days per week was > 50 days. Patients were counted more than once depending on their duration of stay with respect to the numerical weeks after ETD