Pathogen | Source | Genotyping tools | Proportion of carbapenemase resistance genes | Phylogroups/sequence types | Lineages/cluster | Country | Reference | Time period for collection of isolates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P. aeruginosa | human, environment | PCR, WGS | blaIMP (36%, 9/25), blaVIM1 (32%, 8/25), blaSPM (16%, 4/25), blaNDM1 (4%, 1/25) | – | – | Uganda | [31] | Between February 2007 and September 2009 |
A. baumannii | human, environment | PCR, WGS | blaOXA-24 (7%, 1/15), blaVIM-1 (13%, 2/15), blaOXA-58 (13%, 2/15), blaOXA-23 (60%, 9/15) | – | – | Uganda | [31] | Between February 2007 and September 2009 |
P. aeruginosa | human | PCR, WGS, PFGE | blaVIM-2 (13.7%; 57/416), blaVIM-1 (13.7%; 57/416) | – | MBLA, MBLAR, MBLB, | Kenya | [32] | 2006 and 2007 |
P. aeruginosa | human | PCR, WGS, PFGE | blaIMP (12/49;24.5%), blaVIM (9/28; 32.1%), blaOXA_48 (2/11;18.2%), blaKPC (1/8; 12.5%), blaNDM (1/8; 12.5%) | – | – | Tanzania | [9] | Between 2007 and 2012 |
P. aeruginosa | human | PCR, WGS | blaVIM-2 | ST640, ST244 | Â | Tanzania | [41] | May 2010 to July 2011 |
K. pneumoniae | human | PCR, WGS, PFGE | blaIMP types (49/227; 21.6%), blaVIM types (28/227; 12.3%), blaOXA_48 11/227 (4.9%), blaKPC (8/227; 3.5%), blaNDM (7/227;3.1%), blaNDM-1, blaIMP, blaNDM-1, | ST14, ST15 | – | Tanzania, | [9] | Between 2007 and 2012 |
K. pneumoniae | human | PCR, WGS, PFGE | blaNDM-1 (4/35; 11.4%), blaVIM (16/35;45.7%), blaIMP (5/35;8.16%), blaKPC (3/35;8.6%), blaOXA-48 (7/35;20%), | – | – | Uganda | [17] | between January, 2013 and March, 2014 |
K. pneumoniae |  |  | blaVIM (17/43;39.5%), blaOXA-48 (5/13;38.5%) | – |  | Uganda | [30] | January, 2013 and March, 2014 |
E. coli | human | PCR | blaIMP (19/32;59.4%), blaNDM (0/32;0%), blaVIM (4/32;12.5%), blaOXA_48 (3/32;9.4%), blaKPC (4/32; 12.5%), blaNDM (2/32;6.3%) | – | – | Tanzania, | [9] | Between 2007 and 2012 |
E. coli | human | PCR | blaNDM-1 (0/19; 0%), blaVIM (1/19;5.3%), blaIMP (6/19;31.6%), blaKPC (4/19;21.1%), blaOXA-48 (8/19;42.1%) | – | – | Uganda | [17] | between January, 2013 and March, 2014 |
E. coli | human | PCR | blaVIM (20/43;46.5%), blaOXA-48 (6/13;46.2%) | – | – | Uganda | [30] | January, 2013 and March, 2014 |
A. baumannii | human | PCR, PFGE, WGS | blaIMP types (3/3;100%),blaVIM (0/3; 0%)blaOXA_48 (0/3; 0%), blaKPC (0/3;0%), blaNDM (0/3;0%) | – | – | Tanzania, | [9] | Between 2007 and 2012 |
A. baumannii | human | PCR, PFGE, MLST | ISAba1-blaOXA-23, blaOXA-51-like, blaADC, blaNDM-1, ADC-57. | ST2, ST109, ST25, ST113 | European clone II (ECII) | Kenya | [28] | January 2009 to August 2010 |
Salmonella spp | human | PCR | blaIMP types (1/2;50%),blaVIM(1/50; 50%) | – | – | Tanzania | [9] | Between 2007 and 2012 |
K. oxytoca | human | PCR | blaIMP types (3/5;60%),blaOXA481/5;20%),blaNDM1/5;20%) | – | – | Tanzania, | [9], | Between 2007 and 2012 |
K. oxytoca | human | PCR | blaNDM-1 (1/1; 100%), blaVIM (0/1;0%), blaIMP (0/1;0%),blaKPC (0/1;0%), blaOXA-48 (1/1;100%) | – | – | Uganda | [17] | between January, 2013 and March, 2014 |
C. freundii | human | PCR | blaIMP types (2/4;50%), blaVIM (1/4;25%), blaOXA_48 (1/4;25%), | – | – | Tanzania | [9] | Between 2007 and 2012 |
C. freundii | human | PCR | blaNDM-1 (1/1; 12.5%), blaVIM (0/1;0%), blaIMP (0/8;0%), blaKPC (0/1;0%), blaOXA-48 (0/1;0%), | – | – | Uganda | [17] | between January, 2013 and March, 2014 |
P. aeruginosa | human | PCR | blaIMP types (12/25;48%), blaVIM (9/25;36%), blaOXA_48 (2/25;8%),blaKPC (1/25;4%),blaNDM (1/25; 4%) | – | – | Tanzania | [9] | Between 2007 and 2012 |
Enterobacter spp. | human | PCR | blaNDM-1 (1/5; 20%), blaVIM (1/5;20%), blaIMP (0/1;0%), blaKPC (1/5;0%), blaOXA-48 (2/5;40%) | – | – | Uganda | [17] | between January, 2013 and March, 2014 |
Pantoea agglomerans | human | PCR | blaNDM-1 (0/1; 0%), blaVIM (0/1;0%), blaIMP (1/1;100%), blaKPC (0/1;0%), blaOXA-48 (0/1;0%) | – | – | Uganda | [17] | between January, 2013 and March, 2014 |
Proteus mirabilis | human | PCR | blaNDM-1 (0/2; 0%), blaVIM (0/2;0%), blaIMP (0/2;0%), blaKPC (1/2;50%), blaOXA-48 (1/2;100%) | – | – | Uganda | [17] | between January, 2013 and March, 2014 |
Proteus mirabilis | human | Multiplex PCR | blaVIM1/43;2.3%), blaOXA-48 (1/13;7.7), | – | – | Uganda | [30] | September 2013 to June 2014, |
Serratia marcescens | human | PCR | blaNDM-1 (0/3; 0%), blaVIM (2/3;66.7%), blaIMP (0/3;0%), blaKPC (1/3;33.3%), blaOXA-48 (0/3;0%) | – | – | Uganda | [17] | between January, 2013 and March, 2014 |
Morganella morganii | human | Multiplex PCR | blaVIM1/43; %2.3), blaOXA-48 (0/13;0%), | – | – | Uganda | [30] | September 2013 to June 2014, |
Enterobacter sakazaki | human | Multiplex PCR | blaVIM 0/13; 0%),blaOXA-48 (1/13; %7.7), | – | – | Uganda | [30] | September 2013 to June 2014, |
Stenotrophomonas spp | human | Multiplex PCR | blaVIM (1/43;2.3%),blaOXA-48 (0/23;0%) | – | – | Uganda | [30] | September 2013 to June 2014, |