Table 5 Proportions and range of antimicrobial resistance genes obtained from various pathogens in humans, animals and environment
Type of antimicrobial resistance genes | Range of ESBL genes in different studies (%) | Mean (n/N;%) |
|---|---|---|
Methicillin resistanceS. aureusgenes | ||
 SSCmec I | 0–56.4 | 21.24 |
 SSCmec II | 0–8.3 | 1.45 |
 SSCmec III | 0–100 | 27.34 |
 SSCmec IV | 0–40.5 | 14.06 |
 SSCmec V | 0–91.3 | 18.70 |
 SSCmec I,II,III | 0–50 | 6.25 |
 SSCmecA | 0–100 | 16.66 |
Extended spectrum beta-lactamase genes | ||
 TEM | 0–100 | 26.7 |
 OXA | 0–75 | 15 |
 CMY | 0–62.5 | 4.81 |
 CTX-M | 0–100 | 45.68 |
 SHV | 0–36 | 7.72 |
 OXA&TEM | 0–32 | 2.46 |
Carbapenames genes | ||
 IMP | 0–100 | 23.75 |
 VIM | 0–66.7 | 18.84 |
 SPM | 0–16 | 0.64 |
 NDMI | 0–100 | 7.59 |
 OXA | 0–100 | 17.91 |
 KPC | 0–33.30 | 5.82 |