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Table 2 AMR preparedness categories and the indicators explored in this paper. Indicators are either taken directly from the scoring table (see the JEE tool [24, 26]) or they were from technical question answers from the technical questions

From: Antimicrobial resistance preparedness in sub-Saharan African countries

Category

Indicator

Source

Effective multisectoral coordination on AMR and the national action plan (in this paper referred to as ‘National Action Plan’)

Is there a National Action Plan in place?

Scoring table within the JEE tools document

AMR surveillance (in this paper referred to as ‘AMR surveillance)

Are human pathogen samples routinely tested for AMR?

Technical questions

Are animal pathogen samples routinely tested for AMR?

Technical questions

Is there a national human pathogen surveillance system in place?

Scoring table within the JEE tools document

Is there a national animal pathogen surveillance system in place?

Scoring table within the JEE tools document

Is there a national AMR reference laboratory?

Technical questions

Infection Prevention and Control (in this paper referred to as ‘IPC’)

Are there sufficient Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) programmes in place across all healthcare facilities in the country?

Scoring table within the JEE tools document

Are there national training programmes (e.g. at higher education institutes on IPC?

Technical questions

Optimise use of antimicrobial medicines in human and animal health and agriculture (in this paper referred to as ‘Antimicrobial stewardship’)

Are there guidelines in place for the use of antimicrobials?

Scoring table within the JEE tools document

Is there legislation in place for the distribution and use of clinical antimicrobials?

Technical questions

Is there legislation in place for the distribution and use of veterinary antimicrobials?

Technical questions