Skip to main content

Table 8 Costs to the environment, necessary in a “One-Health” cost model

From: A one health framework to estimate the cost of antimicrobial resistance

Data element

Category of costs

Individual costs

Direct costs

Cost of removing/decontaminating/cleaning/stemming flow

− Drug production effluent

− Irrigation systems, farm run-off that contains resistant pathogens

− Relevant waste in waste management systems

− Relevant waste in drinking water storage and distributions systems

 

Costs of surveillance and control programmes

− Costs of enhanced surveillance

− Cost of any screening that is triggered

− Cost of having to shift activities to non-contaminated areas

− Cost to authorities of enforcing penalties on industries

 

Training of food chain professionals (Environment)

− Costs of pre-service, in-service and continuous professional education per relevant cadre of environmental health professional

 

Legal and insurance costs

− Cost to authorities of enforcing any penalties on industries

− Cost to industry to comply with AMR-related regulations surrounding treatment, disposal, etc.

− Costs of implementing or regulating and enforcing national environmental surveillance programmes on water, soil and air in different components of the One Health triad as appropriate

Indirect costs

Loss of productivity

− Overall economic loss in having unusable land while decontamination takes place (t.b.c.). Note this will be of greater significance in countries that are densely populated, densely apportioned economically (where the land is used to the maximum extent for economic purposes), rely on agriculture, and where water provision or flow is important economic asset.

 

Loss to medical or non-medical trade and tourism from reduced trade/tourism (e.g. exclusion of a place as a tourist destination explicitly due to AMR-related concerns)

− Loss in income from local tourism due to resistance in swimming water, drinking water, any other contamination (reputational costs).

− Loss to medical or non-medical trade and tourism from reduced trade/tourism (e.g. exclusion of a place as a tourist destination explicitly due to AMR-related concerns)

− Loss to the travel industry due to cancellations or to longer, sustained reductions in travel

  1. aAll types of productivity loss to the farm should be put together (again, individual from societal cost should not be separated to avoid double counting. Rather the model will ultimately scale the effects of individual resistance up to where the more generalized societal costs come into play