A road-map for addressing antimicrobial resistance in low- and middle-income countries: lessons learnt from the public private participation and co-designed antimicrobial stewardship programme in the State of Kerala, India

Table 1 Antimicrobial resistance profiles of major pathogens across countries

Reported aggregate resistance rates (from isolates from blood and cerebrospinal fluids from inpatients of all ages) among prevalent pathogens, by antibiotic class [5]^a	India (%)	USA (%)	South Africa (%)	China (%)
Gram negative
Carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae	59	3	7	36
Fluoroquinolone resistant Escherichia coli	84	31	28	56
Carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumanni	77	30	73	82
Gram positive
Oxacillin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus	39	45	27	38
Aminoglycosides resistant Enterococcus faecalis	60	34	50	31

^aAntimicrobial susceptibility data procured from Centre for Disease Dynamics Economics and Policy (CDDEP). The resistance data rely on different testing methodologies across the different countries

ISSN: 2047-2994