Implementation of human factors engineering approach to improve environmental cleaning and disinfection in a medical center

Table 3 Terminal Cleaning and Disinfection Score of the Fluorescent marker, ATP, and ACC Methods by Ward Types

Method	Medical wards (a) n = 30	Surgical wards (b) n = 27	ICUs (c) n = 27	P	Post-hoc (Bonferroni)^a
Method	Mean ± SD			P	Post-hoc (Bonferroni)^a
Fluorescent marker
Phase 1	39.0 ± 10.7	23.0 ± 13.3	56.5 ± 10.5	< .001	a > b, c > a, c > b**
Phase 2	74.7 ± 16.8	68.9 ± 21.6	80.4 ± 13.6	.339	–
Phase 3	87.3 ± 8.9	80.4 ± 12.9	88.1 ± 6.7	.196	–
ATP
Phase 1	68.0 ± 7.2	57.0 ± 12.7	64.8 ± 17.6	.195	–
Phase 2	89.3 ± 6.4	87.4 ± 11.9	77.0 ± 11.2	.031	a > c*
Phase 3	88.0 ± 5.0	93.0 ± 6.3	78.5 ± 11.0	.002	b > c*
ACC
Phase 1	90.3 ± 6.6	88.9 ± 6.1	96.1 ± 3.9	.027	c > b*
Phase 2	93.7 ± 4.6	98.1 ± 2.6	98.0 ± 2.6	.015	b > a, c > a
Phase 3	95.3 ± 3.6	96.3 ± 4.5	95.2 ± 7.1	.885	–

NOTE. ATP ATP bioluminescence assay, ACC aerobic colony count, ICUs intensive care units, SD standard deviation
^a*P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001

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