Table 1 Trends of distribution and rank order of pathogens causing healthcare-associated infections in four MNGHA hospitals in Saudi Arabia (2007–2016)
2007–2008 N = 173 | 2009–2010 N = 427 | 2011–2012 N = 324 | 2013–2014 N = 360 | 2015–2016 N = 260 | Total N = 1544 | P-value* | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | R | N (%) | R | N (%) | R | N (%) | R | N (%) | R | N (%) | R | ||
Gram positives | 67 (33.5%) | 166 (33.8%) | 91 (25.5%) | 148 (35.7%) | 81 (28.0%) | 553 (31.6%) | 0.211 | ||||||
Staphylococcus aureus | 32 (16.0%) | 2 | 53 (10.8%) | 2 | 46 (12.9%) | 3 | 64 (15.5%) | 3 | 48 (16.6%) | 2 | 243 (13.9%) | 3 | 0.151 |
Enterococcus spp. | 17 (8.5%) | 4 | 52 (10.6%) | 5 | 25 (7.0%) | 8 | 37 (8.9%) | 5 | 20 (6.9%) | 6 | 151 (8.6%) | 6 | 0.195 |
Coagulase negative staphylococci | 7 (3.5%) | 10 | 48 (9.8%) | 6 | 16 (4.5%) | 10 | 37 (8.9%) | 5 | 6 (2.1%) | 12 | 114 (6.5%) | 7 | 0.114 |
Other gram positives | 11 (5.5%) | 8 | 13 (2.6%) | 12 | 4 (1.1%) | 14 | 10 (2.4%) | 11 | 7 (2.4%) | 11 | 45 (2.6%) | 11 | 0.097 |
Gram negatives | 125 (62.5%) | 297 (60.5%) | 232 (65.0%) | 253 (61.1%) | 196 (67.8%) | 1103 (63.0%) | 0.208 | ||||||
Acinetobacter spp. | 14 (7.0%) | 7 | 36 (7.3%) | 7 | 19 (5.3%) | 9 | 15 (3.6%) | 8 | 12 (4.2%) | 8 | 96 (5.5%) | 8 | 0.009 |
Pseudomonas spp. | 34 (17.0%) | 1 | 70 (14.3%) | 1 | 52 (14.6%) | 2 | 65 (15.7%) | 2 | 48 (16.6%) | 2 | 269 (15.4%) | 1 | 0.814 |
Klebsiella spp. | 25 (12.5%) | 3 | 53 (10.8%) | 2 | 63 (17.6%) | 1 | 68 (16.4%) | 1 | 49 (17.0%) | 1 | 258 (14.7%) | 2 | 0.016 |
Enterobacter spp. | 15 (7.5%) | 6 | 53 (10.8%) | 2 | 32 (9.0%) | 6 | 32 (7.7%) | 7 | 28 (9.7%) | 4 | 160 (9.1%) | 4 | 0.695 |
Escherichia coli | 16 (8.0%) | 5 | 35 (7.1%) | 8 | 40 (11.2%) | 4 | 41 (9.9%) | 4 | 27 (9.3%) | 5 | 159 (9.1%) | 5 | 0.265 |
Serratia spp. | 3 (1.5%) | 13 | 13 (2.6%) | 12 | 6 (1.7%) | 12 | 13 (3.1%) | 9 | 5 (1.7%) | 13 | 40 (2.3%) | 13 | 0.901 |
Stenotrophomonas maltophia | 3 (1.5%) | 13 | 17 (3.5%) | 10 | 5 (1.4%) | 13 | 9 (2.2%) | 12 | 9 (3.1%) | 10 | 43 (2.5%) | 12 | 0.905 |
Proteus spp. | 5 (2.5%) | 12 | 4 (0.8%) | 14 | 5 (1.4%) | 13 | 3 (0.7%) | 14 | 4 (1.4%) | 14 | 21 (1.2%) | 14 | 0.496 |
Other gram negatives | 10 (5.0%) | 9 | 16 (3.3%) | 11 | 10 (2.8%) | 11 | 7 (1.7%) | 13 | 14 (4.8%) | 7 | 57 (3.3%) | 10 | 0.605 |
Fungi | 8 (4.0%) | 28 (5.7%) | 34 (9.5%) | 5 | 13 (3.1%) | 12 (4.2%) | 95 (5.4%) | 0.259 | |||||
Candida Spp. | 7 (3.5%) | 10 | 27 (5.5%) | 9 | 32 (9.0%) | 6 | 13 (3.1%) | 9 | 10 (3.5%) | 9 | 89 (5.1%) | 9 | 0.225 |
Non-Candidal yeast | 1 (0.5%) | 15 | 1 (0.2%) | 15 | 2 (0.6%) | 15 | 2 (0.7%) | 15 | 6 (0.3%) | 15 | 0.876 | ||