Table 2 Trends of antimicrobial resistance in selected pathogens causing healthcare-associated infections in four MNGHA hospitals in Saudi Arabia (2007–2016)
2007–2008 N = 159 | 2009–2010 N = 382 | 2011–2012 N = 288 | 2013–2014 N = 344 | 2015–2016 N = 246 | Total N = 1419 | P-value* | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | T (%) | R (%) | N | T (%) | R (%) | N | T (%) | R (%) | N | T (%) | R (%) | N | T (%) | R (%) | N | T (%) | R (%) | ||
Gram positives | |||||||||||||||||||
MRSA | 32 | 81% | 30.8% | 53 | 89% | 14.9% | 46 | 96% | 29.5% | 64 | 97% | 32.3% | 48 | 98% | 27.7% | 243 | 93.0% | 27.0% | 0.384 |
VRE | 17 | 94% | 6.3% | 52 | 87% | 11.1% | 25 | 76% | 52.6% | 37 | 86% | 21.9% | 20 | 80% | 18.8% | 151 | 84.8% | 20.3% | 0.141 |
Overall resistance | 49 | 86% | 21.4% | 104 | 88% | 13.2% | 70 | 90% | 36.5% | 97 | 94% | 29.7% | 67 | 93% | 25.8% | 387 | 90.2% | 24.9% | 0.071 |
Gram negatives | |||||||||||||||||||
CephR Klebsiella | 25 | 100% | 24.0% | 53 | 85% | 42.2% | 63 | 70% | 31.8% | 68 | 90% | 27.9% | 49 | 100% | 32.7% | 258 | 86.8% | 32.1% | 0.779 |
CRE Klebsiella | 25 | 100% | 0.0% | 53 | 91% | 8.3% | 63 | 70% | 6.8% | 68 | 69% | 8.5% | 49 | 80% | 15.4% | 258 | 78.7% | 8.4% | 0.066 |
CRE Enterobacter | 15 | 93% | 0.0% | 53 | 91% | 2.1% | 32 | 53% | 0.0% | 32 | 56% | 0.0% | 28 | 61% | 0.0% | 160 | 71.3% | 0.9% | 0.851 |
CRE E.Coli | 16 | 100% | 0.0% | 35 | 97% | 0.0% | 40 | 78% | 0.0% | 41 | 76% | 3.2% | 27 | 89% | 12.5% | 159 | 85.5% | 2.9% | 0.007 |
Overall Escherichia coli | 55 | 100% | 0.0% | 138 | 93% | 3.9% | 128 | 68% | 3.4% | 139 | 68% | 5.3% | 103 | 77% | 11.4% | 563 | 78.9% | 5.0% | 0.004 |
MDR Acinetobacter | 14 | 100% | 71.4% | 36 | 94% | 58.8% | 19 | 95% | 77.8% | 15 | 100% | 60.0% | 12 | 92% | 54.5% | 96 | 95.8% | 64.1% | 0.665 |
MDR Pseudomonas* | 34 | 100% | 11.8% | 70 | 97% | 16.2% | 52 | 98% | 11.8% | 65 | 98% | 10.9% | 48 | 98% | 8.5% | 269 | 98.1% | 12.1% | 0.353 |
MDR Klebsiella | 25 | 100% | 8.0% | 53 | 85% | 35.6% | 63 | 78% | 22.4% | 68 | 85% | 17.2% | 49 | 94% | 23.9% | 258 | 86.4% | 22.4% | 0.967 |
MDR Enterobacter | 15 | 87% | 0.0% | 53 | 53% | 3.6% | 32 | 38% | 16.7% | 32 | 41% | 0.0% | 28 | 54% | 13.3% | 160 | 50.6% | 6.2% | 0.248 |
MDR Escherichia coli | 16 | 94% | 26.7% | 35 | 74% | 34.6% | 40 | 80% | 18.8% | 41 | 90% | 18.9% | 27 | 96% | 19.2% | 159 | 85.5% | 22.8% | 0.231 |
MDR Serratia | 3 | 100% | 33.3% | 13 | 15% | 0.0% | 6 | 67% | 25.0% | 13 | 38% | 0.0% | 5 | 40% | 0.0% | 40 | 40.0% | 12.5% | 0.275 |
MDR Stenotrophomonas | 3 | 100% | 100.0% | 17 | 24% | 75.0% | 5 | 0% | 9 | 11% | 0.0% | 9 | 22% | 50.0% | 43 | 23.3% | 70.0% | 0.242 | |
Overall resistance | 102 | 100% | 26.5% | 254 | 89% | 29.2% | 199 | 85% | 27.1% | 222 | 89% | 19.7% | 167 | 87% | 23.3% | 944 | 89.2% | 25.2% | 0.085 |