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Table 3 Trends of resistance to specific antimicrobial classes in gram negative pathogens causing healthcare-associated infections in four MNGHA hospitals in Saudi Arabia (2007–2016)

From: Ten-year resistance trends in pathogens causing healthcare-associated infections; reflection of infection control interventions at a multi-hospital healthcare system in Saudi Arabia, 2007–2016

 

2007–2008

N = 113

2009–2010

N = 268

2011–2012

N = 212

2013–2014

N = 232

2015–2016

N = 180

Total

N = 1005

Change*

Absolute

Relative

Acinetobacter

 Aminoglycosides

10 (71.4%)

16 (45.7%)

8 (44.4%)

7 (46.7%)

6 (50.0%)

47 (50.0%)

−21.4%

−30.0%

 B-lactam

10 (76.9%)

14 (58.3%)

10 (90.9%)

6 (54.5%)

6 (75.0%)

46 (68.7%)

−1.9%

−2.5%

 Carbapenems

10 (71.4%)

17 (63.0%)

13 (81.3%)

10 (66.7%)

6 (60.0%)

56 (68.3%)

−11.4%

− 16.0%

 Cephalosporins

11 (84.6%)

22 (66.7%)

14 (82.4%)

13 (100.0%)

7 (70.0%)

67 (77.9%)

−14.6%

−17.3%

 Fluoroquinolones

10 (71.4%)

20 (58.8%)

14 (77.8%)

10 (66.7%)

7 (63.6%)

61 (66.3%)

−7.8%

−10.9%

 MDR3

10 (71.4%)

20 (58.8%)

14 (77.8%)

9 (60.0%)

6 (54.5%)

59 (64.1%)

−16.9%

−23.6%

 MDR4

10 (71.4%)

18 (52.9%)

11 (61.1%)

7 (46.7%)

6 (54.5%)

52 (56.5%)

−16.9%

−23.6%

 MDR5

8 (57.1%)

7 (20.6%)

5 (27.8%)

4 (26.7%)

6 (54.5%)

30 (32.6%)

−2.6%

−4.5%

Pseudomonas

 Aminoglycosides

6 (18.2%)

10 (14.9%)

6 (11.8%)

9 (13.8%)

3 (6.3%)

34 (12.9%)

−11.9%

−65.6%

 B-lactam

9 (30.0%)

15 (25.0%)

2 (5.4%)

19 (30.6%)

8 (18.2%)

53 (22.7%)

−11.8%

−39.4%

 Carbapenems

5 (15.2%)

11 (42.3%)

8 (40.0%)

9 (50.0%)

9 (52.9%)

42 (36.8%)

37.8%

249.4%

 Cephalosporins*

12 (35.3%)

24 (36.4%)

6 (12.8%)

9 (15.0%)

4 (9.3%)

55 (22.0%)

−26.0%

−73.6%

 Fluoroquinolones

2 (5.9%)

11 (16.4%)

7 (13.7%)

9 (14.8%)

5 (10.9%)

34 (13.1%)

5.0%

84.8%

 MDR3

4 (11.8%)

11 (16.2%)

6 (11.8%)

7 (10.9%)

4 (8.5%)

32 (12.1%)

−3.3%

−27.7%

 MDR4

2 (5.9%)

8 (11.8%)

4 (7.8%)

6 (9.4%)

2 (4.3%)

22 (8.3%)

−1.6%

−27.7%

 MDR5

1 (2.9%)

4 (5.9%)

1 (2.0%)

5 (7.8%)

2 (4.3%)

13 (4.9%)

1.3%

44.7%

Klebsiella

 Aminoglycosides

7 (28.0%)

24 (46.2%)

20 (32.8%)

16 (24.6%)

15 (32.6%)

82 (32.9%)

4.6%

16.5%

 B-lactam

3 (17.6%)

14 (50.0%)

10 (37.0%)

14 (31.8%)

15 (40.5%)

56 (36.6%)

22.9%

129.7%

 Carbapenems

0 (0.0%)

4 (13.3%)

3 (11.5%)

4 (14.3%)

6 (33.3%)

17 (13.9%)

33.3%

 Cephalosporins

6 (27.3%)

19 (63.3%)

14 (48.3%)

17 (34.7%)

16 (43.2%)

72 (43.1%)

16.0%

58.6%

 Fluoroquinolones

4 (18.2%)

21 (46.7%)

19 (33.9%)

12 (18.5%)

11 (24.4%)

67 (28.8%)

6.3%

34.4%

 MDR3

2 (8.0%)

16 (35.6%)

11 (22.4%)

10 (17.2%)

11 (23.9%)

50 (22.4%)

15.9%

198.9%

 MDR4

2 (8.0%)

5 (11.1%)

3 (6.1%)

7 (12.1%)

7 (15.2%)

24 (10.8%)

7.2%

90.2%

 MDR5

0 (0.0%)

1 (2.2%)

0 (0.0%)

2 (3.4%)

5 (10.9%)

8 (3.6%)

10.9%

Enterobacte

 Aminoglycosides

0 (0.0%)

7 (14.0%)

2 (6.7%)

5 (16.7%)

2 (7.1%)

16 (10.5%)

7.1%

 B-lactam

2 (50.0%)

5 (22.7%)

3 (37.5%)

1 (50.0%)

2 (50.0%)

13 (32.5%)

0.0%

0.0%

 Carbapenems

0 (0.0%)

1 (6.7%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (1.6%)

0.0%

 Cephalosporins

2 (50.0%)

10 (52.6%)

3 (50.0%)

2 (33.3%)

5 (55.6%)

22 (50.0%)

5.6%

11.1%

 Fluoroquinolones

0 (0.0%)

4 (8.7%)

2 (6.7%)

0 (0.0%)

3 (10.7%)

9 (6.1%)

10.7%

 MDR3

0 (0.0%)

1 (3.6%)

2 (16.7%)

0 (0.0%)

2 (13.3%)

5 (6.2%)

13.3%

 MDR4

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (8.3%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (1.2%)

0.0%

 MDR5

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0.0%

Escherichia coli

 Aminoglycosides

5 (31.3%)

14 (40.0%)

14 (35.0%)

12 (31.6%)

9 (34.6%)

54 (34.8%)

3.4%

10.8%

 B-lactam

5 (45.5%)

6 (28.6%)

5 (35.7%)

6 (23.1%)

9 (60.0%)

31 (35.6%)

14.5%

32.0%

 Carbapenems

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (4.8%)

3 (15.8%)

4 (4.4%)

15.8%

 Cephalosporins

10 (66.7%)

10 (45.5%)

14 (56.0%)

17 (47.2%)

14 (53.8%)

65 (52.4%)

−12.8%

−19.2%

 Fluoroquinolones

7 (46.7%)

13 (38.2%)

18 (51.4%)

18 (46.2%)

9 (36.0%)

65 (43.9%)

−10.7%

−22.9%

 MDR3

4 (26.7%)

9 (34.6%)

6 (18.8%)

7 (18.9%)

5 (19.2%)

31 (22.8%)

−7.4%

−27.9%

 MDR4

3 (20.0%)

1 (3.8%)

2 (6.3%)

3 (8.1%)

4 (15.4%)

13 (9.6%)

−4.6%

−23.1%

 MDR5

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (2.7%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (0.7%)

0.0%

Others*

 Aminoglycosides

5 (50.0%)

7 (25.9%)

1 (11.1%)

4 (23.5%)

2 (16.7%)

19 (25.3%)

−33.3%

−66.7%

 B-lactam

3 (42.9%)

2 (25.0%)

1 (33.3%)

2 (28.6%)

2 (28.6%)

10 (31.3%)

−14.3%

−33.3%

 Carbapenems

3 (33.3%)

9 (56.3%)

2 (50.0%)

2 (40.0%)

7 (70.0%)

23 (52.3%)

36.7%

110.0%

 Cephalosporins

5 (55.6%)

10 (52.6%)

2 (33.3%)

2 (22.2%)

4 (40.0%)

23 (43.4%)

−15.6%

−28.0%

 Fluoroquinolones

2 (25.0%)

7 (25.0%)

1 (11.1%)

3 (16.7%)

1 (9.1%)

14 (18.9%)

−15.9%

−63.6%

 MDR3

4 (40.0%)

5 (29.4%)

1 (16.7%)

1 (9.1%)

2 (22.2%)

13 (24.5%)

−17.8%

−44.4%

 MDR4

2 (20.0%)

2 (11.8%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (9.1%)

1 (11.1%)

6 (11.3%)

−8.9%

−44.4%

 MDR5

2 (20.0%)

2 (11.8%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (11.1%)

5 (9.4%)

−8.9%

−44.4%

Overall

 Aminoglycosides

32 (31.7%)

75 (31.5%)

48 (25.4%)

50 (23.9%)

34 (21.7%)

239 (26.7%)

−10.0%

−31.6%

 B-lactam

31 (41.9%)

54 (36.7%)

30 (33.0%)

45 (31.5%)

39 (36.8%)

199 (35.5%)

−5.1%

−12.2%

 Carbapenems

18 (19.4%)

39 (32.2%)

26 (28.3%)

25 (26.3%)

29 (35.4%)

137 (28.4%)

16.0%

82.7%

 Cephalosporins

48 (54.5%)

93 (54.1%)

52 (42.6%)

60 (37.0%)

51 (40.2%)

304 (45.3%)

−14.4%

−26.4%

 Fluoroquinolones

25 (26.0%)

73 (32.3%)

59 (32.8%)

48 (23.3%)

33 (21.7%)

238 (27.7%)

−4.3%

−16.6%

 MDR3

23 (23.0%)

61 (31.4%)

39 (25.5%)

33 (18.4%)

28 (20.1%)

184 (24.1%)

−2.9%

−12.4%

 MDR4

19 (19.0%)

34 (17.5%)

21 (13.7%)

23 (12.8%)

19 (13.7%)

116 (15.2%)

−5.3%

−28.1%

 MDR5

11 (11.0%)

12 (6.2%)

6 (3.9%)

12 (6.7%)

12 (8.6%)

53 (6.9%)

−2.4%

− 21.5%

  1. Abbreviations: Others include Serratia spp., Stenotrophomonas maltophia, Citrobacter spp., Proteus, and Providencia. MDR3, MDR4, MDR5 are multidrug resistant gram negative pathogens that non-susceptible (resistant or intermediate) to at least one agent in at least 3, 4, or 5 out of 5 antimicrobial classes (respectively). *Absolute change is the difference between 2015 and 2016 rate and 2007–2008 rate. Relative change is the proportion of absolute change relative to 2007–2008 rate