|
Predictor
|
Ampicillin
|
Streptomycin
|
Sulfamethoxazole
|
Tetracycline
|
Trimethoprim
|
|---|
|
β [95% CI]
|
β [95% CI]
|
β [95% CI]
|
β [95% CI]
|
β [95% CI]
|
|---|
|
Main water sourcea
| | | | | |
|
Public-protected
|
− 0.47 [− 0.89, − 0.05]
|
− 0.30 [− 0.75, 0.16]
|
− 0.08 [− 0.39, 0.22]
|
− 0.19 [− 0.65, 0.27]
|
-0.26 [-0.55, 0.03]
|
|
Private-unprotected
|
0.36 [− 1.88, 2.60]
|
0.49 [− 1.88, 2.86]
|
0.12 [− 1.52, 1.76]
|
0.83 [− 1.57, 3.23]
|
0.16 [-1.46, 1.78]
|
|
Public-unprotected
|
− 0.27 [− 1.25, 0.70]
|
− 0.09 [− 1.12, 0.95]
|
− 0.29 [− 1.00, 0.42]
|
0.24 [− 0.80, 1.29]
|
-0.34 [-1.04, 0.35]
|
|
Handwashing after urination
|
0.07 [− 0.08, 0.23]
|
− 0.03 [− 0.19, 0.14]
|
0.04 [− 0.08, 0.15]
|
0.18 [0.01, 0.34]
|
0.04 [-0.07, 0.15]
|
|
Handwashing facility location
| | | | | |
|
Toilet within premises
|
0.23 [− 0.18, 0.64]
|
0.12 [− 0.31, 0.56]
|
0.05 [− 0.24, 0.35]
|
0.23 [− 0.21, 0.67]
|
0.11 [-0.17, 0.40]
|
|
Elsewhere on premises
|
0.51 [0.15, 0.88]
|
0.20 [− 0.19, 0.59]
|
0.30 [0.04, 0.57]
|
0.42 [0.02, 0.81]
|
0.29 [0.03, 0.54]
|
|
No designated place
|
− 0.48 [− 0.85, − 0.11]
|
− 0.24 [− 0.64, 0.16]
|
− 0.07 [− 0.34, 0.20]
|
0.23 [− 0.17, 0.63]
|
-0.19 [-0.45, 0.06]
|
|
Enrolled child eats soil
|
0.41 [0.02, 0.79]
|
0.24 [− 0.17, 0.65]
|
0.30 [0.02, 0.58]
|
0.32 [− 0.09, 0.74]
|
0.23 [-0.03, 0.50]
|
|
Rainfall (per mm)
|
− 3.26 [− 4.88, − 1.65]
|
− 1.11 [− 2.82, 0.59]
|
− 0.65 [− 1.84, 0.54]
|
0.47 [− 1.26, 2.20]
|
-1.79 [-2.97, -0.61]
|
|
School children (counts)
|
0.03 [− 0.11, 0.18]
|
− 0.02 [− 0.18, 0.14]
|
− 0.13 [− 0.23, − 0.03]
|
− 0.07 [− 0.23, 0.09]
|
-0.10 [-0.20, -0.01]
|
|
Mother’s education level
| | | | | |
|
Primary school
|
− 0.74 [− 1.69, 0.21]
|
− 0.58 [− 1.62, 0.46]
|
0.07 [− 0.59, 0.73]
|
− 0.21 [− 1.26, 0.82]
|
0.26 [-0.33, 0.86]
|
|
High school
|
− 1.17 [− 2.15, − 0.19]
|
− 0.76 [− 1.84, 0.32]
|
− 0.02 [− 0.71, 0.66]
|
− 0.44 [− 1.51, 0.64]
|
0.28 [-0.33, 0.89]
|
|
College
|
− 1.78 [− 3.09, − 0.47]
|
− 1.42 [− 2.85, 0.02]
|
− 0.52 [− 1.44, 0.39]
|
− 1.53 [− 2.97, − 0.10]
|
0.02 [-0.80, 0.84]
|
|
Adult age (years)
|
0.00 [− 0.03, 0.03]
|
0.02 [− 0.01, 0.05]
|
0.03 [0.01, 0.05]
|
0.02 [− 0.01, 0.05]
|
0.03 [0.01, 0.05]
|
- Only variables with P < 0·2 in the univariable mixed-effects model were included in the multivariable model. Regression estimates for increasing or decreasing antimicrobial load (positive or negative β coefficients, respectively) and 95% confidence intervals with P < 0·05 are shown in bold. Only variables with significant values are shown. See Additional file 5 for complete table
- aA protected source prevents contamination of water by the environment e.g. a source covered with a concrete slab or a completely covered tank
- bOther than at a toilet facility or the household kitchen
