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Table 4 Multivariable regression analysis for antimicrobial resistance load (Log10 CFU) at the adult level (≥ 18 years)

From: Carriage of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in a high-density informal settlement in Kenya is associated with environmental risk-factors

Predictor

Ampicillin

Streptomycin

Sulfamethoxazole

Tetracycline

Trimethoprim

β [95% CI]

β [95% CI]

β [95% CI]

β [95% CI]

β [95% CI]

Main water sourcea

     

 Public-protected

− 0.47 [− 0.89, − 0.05]

− 0.30 [− 0.75, 0.16]

− 0.08 [− 0.39, 0.22]

− 0.19 [− 0.65, 0.27]

-0.26 [-0.55, 0.03]

 Private-unprotected

0.36 [− 1.88, 2.60]

0.49 [− 1.88, 2.86]

0.12 [− 1.52, 1.76]

0.83 [− 1.57, 3.23]

0.16 [-1.46, 1.78]

 Public-unprotected

− 0.27 [− 1.25, 0.70]

− 0.09 [− 1.12, 0.95]

− 0.29 [− 1.00, 0.42]

0.24 [− 0.80, 1.29]

-0.34 [-1.04, 0.35]

Handwashing after urination

0.07 [− 0.08, 0.23]

− 0.03 [− 0.19, 0.14]

0.04 [− 0.08, 0.15]

0.18 [0.01, 0.34]

0.04 [-0.07, 0.15]

Handwashing facility location

     

 Toilet within premises

0.23 [− 0.18, 0.64]

0.12 [− 0.31, 0.56]

0.05 [− 0.24, 0.35]

0.23 [− 0.21, 0.67]

0.11 [-0.17, 0.40]

Elsewhere on premises

0.51 [0.15, 0.88]

0.20 [− 0.19, 0.59]

0.30 [0.04, 0.57]

0.42 [0.02, 0.81]

0.29 [0.03, 0.54]

 No designated place

− 0.48 [− 0.85, − 0.11]

− 0.24 [− 0.64, 0.16]

− 0.07 [− 0.34, 0.20]

0.23 [− 0.17, 0.63]

-0.19 [-0.45, 0.06]

Enrolled child eats soil

0.41 [0.02, 0.79]

0.24 [− 0.17, 0.65]

0.30 [0.02, 0.58]

0.32 [− 0.09, 0.74]

0.23 [-0.03, 0.50]

Rainfall (per mm)

− 3.26 [− 4.88, − 1.65]

− 1.11 [− 2.82, 0.59]

− 0.65 [− 1.84, 0.54]

0.47 [− 1.26, 2.20]

-1.79 [-2.97, -0.61]

School children (counts)

0.03 [− 0.11, 0.18]

− 0.02 [− 0.18, 0.14]

− 0.13 [− 0.23, − 0.03]

− 0.07 [− 0.23, 0.09]

-0.10 [-0.20, -0.01]

Mother’s education level

     

 Primary school

− 0.74 [− 1.69, 0.21]

− 0.58 [− 1.62, 0.46]

0.07 [− 0.59, 0.73]

− 0.21 [− 1.26, 0.82]

0.26 [-0.33, 0.86]

 High school

− 1.17 [− 2.15, − 0.19]

− 0.76 [− 1.84, 0.32]

− 0.02 [− 0.71, 0.66]

− 0.44 [− 1.51, 0.64]

0.28 [-0.33, 0.89]

 College

− 1.78 [− 3.09, − 0.47]

− 1.42 [− 2.85, 0.02]

− 0.52 [− 1.44, 0.39]

− 1.53 [− 2.97, − 0.10]

0.02 [-0.80, 0.84]

Adult age (years)

0.00 [− 0.03, 0.03]

0.02 [− 0.01, 0.05]

0.03 [0.01, 0.05]

0.02 [− 0.01, 0.05]

0.03 [0.01, 0.05]

  1. Only variables with P < 0·2 in the univariable mixed-effects model were included in the multivariable model. Regression estimates for increasing or decreasing antimicrobial load (positive or negative β coefficients, respectively) and 95% confidence intervals with P < 0·05 are shown in bold. Only variables with significant values are shown. See Additional file 5 for complete table
  2. aA protected source prevents contamination of water by the environment e.g. a source covered with a concrete slab or a completely covered tank
  3. bOther than at a toilet facility or the household kitchen