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Table 1 Antimicrobial use in inpatients from 2015 to 2019

From: Effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on antimicrobial prevalence and prescribing in a tertiary hospital in Singapore

Year

2015

2017

2018

2019

2020

P

No. of available beds (No. of surveyed wards)

1135 (35)

1345 (40)

1359 (44)

1375 (46)

1357 (50)

No. of patients admitted

1018

1150

1173

1214

1182

NA

No. of patients on antimicrobials

558 (55%)

519 (45%)

592 (50%)

589 (49%)

558 (47%)

0.02

No. of patients on antibacterials for systemic use (J01)

550 (54%)

504 (44%)

562 (48%)

550 (45%)

501 (42%)

 < 0.01

Age, median years (range)

73 (16–99)

69 (17–100)

71 (17–100)

72 (15–99)

71 (16–101)

Male

290 (53%)

281 (54%)

340 (57%)

345 (59%)

330 (59%)

Medical patients

704 (69%)

802 (70%)

849 (72%)

914 (75%)

912 (77%)

 < 0.01

Surgical patients

278 (27%)

297 (26%)

290 (25%)

273 (22%)

226 (19%)

 < 0.01

Intensive care patients

36 (4%)

51 (4%)

34 (3%)

27 (2%)

44 (4%)

0.27

No. of antimicrobials

768

755

839

821

780

Antibacterials for systemic use (J01)

727 (95%)

647 (86%)

692 (82%)

665 (81%)

615 (79%)

Antimalarials (P01BA)

0

2 (0.2%)

0

10 (1%)

4 (0.5%)

Antimycobacterials (J04)

21 (3%)

51 (7%)

50 (6%)

44 (5%)

52 (7%)

Antimycotics for systemic use (J02)

11 (1%)

19 (3%)

13 (2%)

18 (2%)

20 (3%)

Antivirals for systemic use (J05)

8 (1%)

26 (3%)

80 (10%)*

70 (9%)

83 (11%)

Intestinal anti-infectives (A07A)

1 (< 1%)

10 (1%)

4 (< 1%)

14 (2%)

6 (< 1%)

  1. P = test for trends in proportions and test for differences in median using the Kruskal–Wallis test as appropriate
  2. *Introduction of the surveillance of the complete list of antivirals for systemic use (J05) as opposed to surveillance of neuraminidase inhibitors (J05AH) alone in 2015 and 2017