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Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients colonized with CRAB and matched controls

From: Risk factors for nosocomial rectal colonization with carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in hospital: a matched case–control study

Variables

Controls

Cases

Total

P value

N = 90 (66.6%)

N = 45 (33.4%)

N = 135

N

%

N

%

N

%

Age (years), Mean ± SD (range)

76 ± 15 (18–94)

 

75 ± 16 (18–95)

 

75.7 ± 16 (18–95)

 

0.769

Male, sex

59

65.6

26

57.8

85

63

0.378

LOS, mean ± SD (range)

26.8 ± 23.3 (3–127)

 

48.7 ± 34.0 (7–159)

 

34.1 ± 29.1 (3–159)

 

< 0.001

ICU stay

18

20

20

44.4

38

28.1

0.003

aDeaths

1

2.9

5

29.4

6

11.8

0.006

Provenance of patient at admission

       

Home

83

92.2

36

80.0

119

88.2

0.003

LTHCF

1

1.1

7

15.6

8

5.9

 

Other hospital

6

6.7

2

4.4

8

5.9

 

bRecent hospitalization

6

6.7

8

17.8

14

10.4

0.046

Charlson Comorbidity Index, Mean ± SD (range)

5.9 ± 2.5 (0–12)

6.9 ± 2.7 (0–12)

6.3 ± 2.6(0–12)

0.050

   

McCabe score

       

Nonfatal disease

54

60.0

20

44.4

74

54.8

0.019

Fatal disease (within 5 years)

36

40.0

22

48.9

58

43.0

 

Rapidly fatal disease (within 6 months)

0

0.0

3

6.7

3

2.2

 

Major surgery ≤ 30 days before hospitalization

3

3.3

2

4.4

5

3.7

0.747

Major surgery during hospitalization

20

22.2

15

33.3

35

25.9

0.165

Diagnosis at hospital admission

       

Infection

54

60.0

32

71.1

86

63.7

0.115

Polytrauma

17

18.9

2

4.4

19

14.1

 

Cardiovascular disease

15

16.7

10

22.2

25

18.5

 

Cancer

4

4.4

1

2.2

5

3.7

 

Presence of intrinsic risk factors and comorbidities

       

Chronic heart failure

48

53.3

28

62.2

76

56.3

0.326

Hypertension

57

63.3

29

64.4

86

63.7

0.899

Peripheral vascular disease

22

24.4

20

44.4

42

31.1

0.018

Stroke or TIA

27

30.0

18

40.0

45

33.3

0.245

Dementia

22

24.4

18

40.0

40

29.6

0.062

COPD

16

17.8

10

22.2

26

19.3

0.537

Chronic hepatitis

8

8.9

3

6.7

11

8.1

0.656

Gastrointestinal disease

36

40.0

12

26.7

48

35.6

0.127

Solid neoplasia & haematological neoplasia

28

31.1

15

33.3

43

31.8

0.693

CKD

33

36.7

13

28.9

46

34.1

0.369

Diabetes mellitus

22

24.4

15

33.3

37

27.4

0.275

Disability

 

0.0

 

0.0

 

0

 

No disability

68

75.6

22

48.9

90

66.7

0.003

Partial

15

16.7

11

24.4

26

19.3

 

Bedridden

7

7.8

12

26.7

19

14.1

 

Permanent devices

6

6.7

11

24.4

17

12.6

0.003

Presence of extrinsic risk factors

       

Central vascular catheterization

7

7.8

21

46.7

28

20.7

< 0.001

PICC or midline

6

6.7

11

24.4

17

12.6

0.003

Urinary catheter

38

42.2

37

82.2

75

55.6

< 0.001

Naso-gastric tube

8

8.9

13

28.9

21

15.6

0.003

PEG

1

1.1

5

11.1

6

4.4

0.008

Tracheostomy

3

3.3

12

26.7

15

11.1

< 0.001

Mechanical ventilation

7

7.8

10

22.2

17

12.6

0.017

Dialysis

3

3.3

3

6.7

6

4.4

0.376

Blood transfusion

24

26.7

11

24.4

35

25.9

0.781

Antibiotics ≤ 30 days before hospitalization

9

10.0

9

20.0

18

13.3

0.113

Chemotherapy

3

3.3

6

13.3

9

6.7

0.028

Corticosteroid therapy

15

16.7

16

35.6

31

23

0.014

cAntibiotics during hospitalization

65

72.2

43

95.6

108

80

0.001

3GC

26

28.9

20

44.4

46

34.1

0.087

Carbapenems

5

5.6

13

28.9

18

13.3

< 0.001

Penicillins

47

52.2

31

68.9

78

57.8

0.086

Fluoroquinolones

13

14.4

12

26.7

25

18.5

0.097

Glycopeptides

11

12.2

15

33.3

26

19.3

0.004

dPolytherapy

22

24.4

26

57.8

48

35.6

< 0.001

Number of antibiotics used in the hospitalization, mean ± SD (range)

1.53 ± 1.44 (0–5)

 

3.64 ± 2.69 (0–13)

 

2.24 ± 2.19 (0–13)

 

< 0.001

  1. SD, standard deviation; LOS, Length of hospital stay; ICU, Intensive care unit; LTHCF, Long-term health care facility; TIA, transient ischemic attack; COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; PICC, Peripherally inserted central catheter; PEG, Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy; NIV, Noninvasive ventilation
  2. aThe number of deaths was defined as all-cause mortality within 90 days of hospital admission
  3. bPrevious hospitalization within 6 months
  4. cAntibiotic exposures spanned from hospital admission to development of CRAB colonization
  5. dTherapy with 2 or more concurrent antibiotic classes before developing CRAB colonization