Variables | Controls | Cases | Total | P value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 90 (66.6%) | N = 45 (33.4%) | N = 135 | |||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
Age (years), Mean ± SD (range) | 76 ± 15 (18–94) | 75 ± 16 (18–95) | 75.7 ± 16 (18–95) | 0.769 | |||
Male, sex | 59 | 65.6 | 26 | 57.8 | 85 | 63 | 0.378 |
LOS, mean ± SD (range) | 26.8 ± 23.3 (3–127) | 48.7 ± 34.0 (7–159) | 34.1 ± 29.1 (3–159) | < 0.001 | |||
ICU stay | 18 | 20 | 20 | 44.4 | 38 | 28.1 | 0.003 |
aDeaths | 1 | 2.9 | 5 | 29.4 | 6 | 11.8 | 0.006 |
Provenance of patient at admission | |||||||
Home | 83 | 92.2 | 36 | 80.0 | 119 | 88.2 | 0.003 |
LTHCF | 1 | 1.1 | 7 | 15.6 | 8 | 5.9 | |
Other hospital | 6 | 6.7 | 2 | 4.4 | 8 | 5.9 | |
bRecent hospitalization | 6 | 6.7 | 8 | 17.8 | 14 | 10.4 | 0.046 |
Charlson Comorbidity Index, Mean ± SD (range) | 5.9 ± 2.5 (0–12) | 6.9 ± 2.7 (0–12) | 6.3 ± 2.6(0–12) | 0.050 | |||
McCabe score | |||||||
Nonfatal disease | 54 | 60.0 | 20 | 44.4 | 74 | 54.8 | 0.019 |
Fatal disease (within 5 years) | 36 | 40.0 | 22 | 48.9 | 58 | 43.0 | |
Rapidly fatal disease (within 6 months) | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 6.7 | 3 | 2.2 | |
Major surgery ≤ 30 days before hospitalization | 3 | 3.3 | 2 | 4.4 | 5 | 3.7 | 0.747 |
Major surgery during hospitalization | 20 | 22.2 | 15 | 33.3 | 35 | 25.9 | 0.165 |
Diagnosis at hospital admission | |||||||
Infection | 54 | 60.0 | 32 | 71.1 | 86 | 63.7 | 0.115 |
Polytrauma | 17 | 18.9 | 2 | 4.4 | 19 | 14.1 | |
Cardiovascular disease | 15 | 16.7 | 10 | 22.2 | 25 | 18.5 | |
Cancer | 4 | 4.4 | 1 | 2.2 | 5 | 3.7 | |
Presence of intrinsic risk factors and comorbidities | |||||||
Chronic heart failure | 48 | 53.3 | 28 | 62.2 | 76 | 56.3 | 0.326 |
Hypertension | 57 | 63.3 | 29 | 64.4 | 86 | 63.7 | 0.899 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 22 | 24.4 | 20 | 44.4 | 42 | 31.1 | 0.018 |
Stroke or TIA | 27 | 30.0 | 18 | 40.0 | 45 | 33.3 | 0.245 |
Dementia | 22 | 24.4 | 18 | 40.0 | 40 | 29.6 | 0.062 |
COPD | 16 | 17.8 | 10 | 22.2 | 26 | 19.3 | 0.537 |
Chronic hepatitis | 8 | 8.9 | 3 | 6.7 | 11 | 8.1 | 0.656 |
Gastrointestinal disease | 36 | 40.0 | 12 | 26.7 | 48 | 35.6 | 0.127 |
Solid neoplasia & haematological neoplasia | 28 | 31.1 | 15 | 33.3 | 43 | 31.8 | 0.693 |
CKD | 33 | 36.7 | 13 | 28.9 | 46 | 34.1 | 0.369 |
Diabetes mellitus | 22 | 24.4 | 15 | 33.3 | 37 | 27.4 | 0.275 |
Disability | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | ||||
No disability | 68 | 75.6 | 22 | 48.9 | 90 | 66.7 | 0.003 |
Partial | 15 | 16.7 | 11 | 24.4 | 26 | 19.3 | |
Bedridden | 7 | 7.8 | 12 | 26.7 | 19 | 14.1 | |
Permanent devices | 6 | 6.7 | 11 | 24.4 | 17 | 12.6 | 0.003 |
Presence of extrinsic risk factors | |||||||
Central vascular catheterization | 7 | 7.8 | 21 | 46.7 | 28 | 20.7 | < 0.001 |
PICC or midline | 6 | 6.7 | 11 | 24.4 | 17 | 12.6 | 0.003 |
Urinary catheter | 38 | 42.2 | 37 | 82.2 | 75 | 55.6 | < 0.001 |
Naso-gastric tube | 8 | 8.9 | 13 | 28.9 | 21 | 15.6 | 0.003 |
PEG | 1 | 1.1 | 5 | 11.1 | 6 | 4.4 | 0.008 |
Tracheostomy | 3 | 3.3 | 12 | 26.7 | 15 | 11.1 | < 0.001 |
Mechanical ventilation | 7 | 7.8 | 10 | 22.2 | 17 | 12.6 | 0.017 |
Dialysis | 3 | 3.3 | 3 | 6.7 | 6 | 4.4 | 0.376 |
Blood transfusion | 24 | 26.7 | 11 | 24.4 | 35 | 25.9 | 0.781 |
Antibiotics ≤ 30 days before hospitalization | 9 | 10.0 | 9 | 20.0 | 18 | 13.3 | 0.113 |
Chemotherapy | 3 | 3.3 | 6 | 13.3 | 9 | 6.7 | 0.028 |
Corticosteroid therapy | 15 | 16.7 | 16 | 35.6 | 31 | 23 | 0.014 |
cAntibiotics during hospitalization | 65 | 72.2 | 43 | 95.6 | 108 | 80 | 0.001 |
3GC | 26 | 28.9 | 20 | 44.4 | 46 | 34.1 | 0.087 |
Carbapenems | 5 | 5.6 | 13 | 28.9 | 18 | 13.3 | < 0.001 |
Penicillins | 47 | 52.2 | 31 | 68.9 | 78 | 57.8 | 0.086 |
Fluoroquinolones | 13 | 14.4 | 12 | 26.7 | 25 | 18.5 | 0.097 |
Glycopeptides | 11 | 12.2 | 15 | 33.3 | 26 | 19.3 | 0.004 |
dPolytherapy | 22 | 24.4 | 26 | 57.8 | 48 | 35.6 | < 0.001 |
Number of antibiotics used in the hospitalization, mean ± SD (range) | 1.53 ± 1.44 (0–5) | 3.64 ± 2.69 (0–13) | 2.24 ± 2.19 (0–13) | < 0.001 |