Table 1 Sociodemographic and clinical features of infants at enrollment and reassessment
| Â | Infant at admission | Infant at follow-up | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All (n = 199) | MDRE + (n = 3) | MDRE– (n = 196) | p value | All (n = 151) | MDRE + (n = 24) | MDRE– (n = 127) | p value | |
General details | ||||||||
 Mother’s age (year) | 29 (25–33) | 32 (20–34) | 29 (25–33) | 0.749 | 29 (26–33) | 30 (25–34) | 29 (26–33) | 0.129 |
 Infant’s gender (female) | 95 (47.7) | 2 (66.7) | 93 (47.5) | 0.614 | 71 (47.0) | 10 (41.7) | 61 (48.0) | 0.365 |
 Low birth weight (< 2.5 kg) | 19 (9.6) | 0 (0) | 19 (9.69) | 1.000 | 16 (10.6) | 6 (25) | 10 (7.9) | 0.023 |
 Breastfed | 198 (99.5) | 3 (100) | 195 (99.5) | 0.985 | 151 (100) | 24 (100) | 127 (100) | 1.000 |
Average monthly household incomea | 0.124 | Â | Â | Â | 0.657 | Â | Â | Â |
 < 15,000 Rs | 10 (5.0) | 0 (0) | 10 (5.1) |  | 9 (6.0) | 0 (0) | 9 (7.1) |  |
 15,001–30,000 Rs | 77 (38.7) | 1 (33.3) | 76 (38.8) |  | 58 (38.4) | 11 (45.8) | 47 (37.0) |  |
 30,001–45,000 Rs | 82 (41.2) | 0 (0) | 82 (41.8) |  | 62 (41.1) | 10 (41.7) | 52 (41.0) |  |
 > 45,000 Rs | 30 (15.1) | 2 (66.7) | 28 (14.3) |  | 22 (14.6) | 3 (12.5) | 19 (15.0) |  |
Mother’s hospital-associated risk factors (within 6 months prior to delivery) | ||||||||
 Hospitalization | 37 (18.6) | 0 (0) | 37 (18.9) | 0.538 | 26 (17.2) | 2 (8.33) | 24 (18.9) | 0.169 |
 History of infection | 9 (4.5) | 0 (0) | 9 (4.6) | 0.870 | 9 (6.0) | 1 (4.2) | 8 (6.3) | 0.566 |
 Antibiotic intake | 6 (3.0) | 1 (33.3) | 5 (2.6) | 0.088 | 6 (4.0) | 1 (4.2) | 5 (3.9) | 0.653 |
Household-associated risk factors (within 6Â months prior to delivery) | ||||||||
 Number of adults at home | 2 (1–3) | 3 (1–4) | 2 (1–3) | 0.95 | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1.5–3) | 2 (1–3) | 0.266 |
 Number of children at home | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–1) | 1 (1–2) | 0.64 | 1 (1–2) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (1–2) | 0.214 |
Complications during pregnancy | ||||||||
 Any complications | 22 (11.1) | 0 (0) | 22 (11.2) | 0.702 | 20 (13.3) | 5 (20.8) | 15 (11.8) | 0.189 |
 Premature rupture of membranes | 5 (2.51) | 0 (0) | 5 (2.6) | 0.926 | 5 (3.3) | 2 (8.3) | 3 (2.4) | 0.179 |
 Gestational diabetes | 6 (3.02) | 0 (0) | 6 (3.1) | 0.912 | 6 (4.0) | 2 (8.3) | 4 (3.2) | 0.243 |
 Labor induced | 13 (6.5) | 0 (0) | 13 (6.6) | 1.000 | 11 (7.3) | 1 (4.2) | 10 (7.9) | 1.000 |
Mode of delivery | Â | Â | Â | 0.559 | Â | Â | Â | 0.021 |
 C-section | 64 (32.2) | 0 (0) | 64 (32.7) |  | 51 (33.6) | 13 (54.2) | 38 (29.9) |  |
 Vaginal | 134 (67.3) | 3 (100) | 131 (66.8) |  | 100 (66.2) | 11 (45.8) | 89 (70.1) |  |
Difficulties with delivery | Â | Â | Â | 0.592 | Â | Â | Â | 0.133 |
 No | 62 (31.2) | 0 (0) | 62 (31.6) |  | 49 (32.5) | 13 (54.2) | 36 (28.4) |  |
 Episiotomy | 131 (65.8) | 3 (100) | 128 (65.3) |  | 97 (64.2) | 11 (45.8) | 86 (67.7) |  |
Hospitalization/discharge details | ||||||||
 NICU admission |  |  |  |  | 3 (2.0) | 1 (4.2) | 2 (1.6) | 0.407 |
 Antibiotic started in hospital |  |  |  |  | 3 (2.0) | 1 (4.2) | 2 (1.6) | 0.407 |
 Hospital stay—Infant (days) |  |  |  |  | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–3) | 1 (1–2) | 0.060 |
Infant reassessment | ||||||||
 Admitted to hospital again |  |  |  |  | 7 (4.6) | 1 (4.2) | 6 (4.7) | 0.692 |
 In-patient antibiotic use |  |  |  |  | 4 (2.7) | 0 (0) | 4 (3.2) | 1.000 |
 Out-patient antibiotic use |  |  |  |  | 21 (13.9) | 6 (25) | 15 (11.81) | 0.087 |
Housing details | ||||||||
 Refrigerator |  |  |  |  | 102 (67.6) | 15 (62.5) | 87 (68.5) | 0.361 |
 Running water |  |  |  |  | 140 (92.7) | 22 (91.7) | 118 (92.9) | 0.549 |
 Toilet type |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.199 |
 Outdoor squat toilet—private |  |  |  |  | 116 (76.8) | 23 (95.8) | 93 (73.2) |  |
 Outdoor squat toilet—public |  |  |  |  | 32 (21.2) | 1 (4.2) | 31 (24.4) |  |
 Private toilet/commode |  |  |  |  | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.6) |  |
 Pets at home |  |  |  |  | 83 (55.0) | 15 (62.5) | 68 (53.5) | 0.653 |
Household water treatment methods | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.204 | Â |
 Boiled |  |  |  |  | 67 (44.4) | 9 (37.5) | 58 (45.7) |  |
 Filtered |  |  |  |  | 21 (13.9) | 5 (20.8) | 16 (12.6) |  |
 None |  |  |  |  | 68 (45.0) | 9 (37.5) | 59 (46.5) |  |
Colonization | ||||||||
 Mother at enrollment | 24 (12.1) | 2 (66.7) | 22 (11.2) | 0.054 | 19 (12.6) | 7 (29.2) | 12 (9.5) | 0.026 |
 Mother at reassessment |  |  |  |  | 26 (17.2) | 9 (37.5) | 17 (13.4) | 0.012 |
 Infant at enrollment |  |  |  |  | 3 (2.0) | 2 (8.3) | 1 (0.8) | 0.051 |