|
General details
|
|
Mother’s age (year)
|
29 (25–33)
|
32 (20–34)
|
29 (25–33)
|
0.749
|
29 (26–33)
|
30 (25–34)
|
29 (26–33)
|
0.129
|
|
Infant’s gender (female)
|
95 (47.7)
|
2 (66.7)
|
93 (47.5)
|
0.614
|
71 (47.0)
|
10 (41.7)
|
61 (48.0)
|
0.365
|
|
Low birth weight (< 2.5 kg)
|
19 (9.6)
|
0 (0)
|
19 (9.69)
|
1.000
|
16 (10.6)
|
6 (25)
|
10 (7.9)
|
0.023
|
|
Breastfed
|
198 (99.5)
|
3 (100)
|
195 (99.5)
|
0.985
|
151 (100)
|
24 (100)
|
127 (100)
|
1.000
|
|
Average monthly household incomea
|
0.124
| | | |
0.657
| | | |
|
< 15,000 Rs
|
10 (5.0)
|
0 (0)
|
10 (5.1)
| |
9 (6.0)
|
0 (0)
|
9 (7.1)
| |
|
15,001–30,000 Rs
|
77 (38.7)
|
1 (33.3)
|
76 (38.8)
| |
58 (38.4)
|
11 (45.8)
|
47 (37.0)
| |
|
30,001–45,000 Rs
|
82 (41.2)
|
0 (0)
|
82 (41.8)
| |
62 (41.1)
|
10 (41.7)
|
52 (41.0)
| |
|
> 45,000 Rs
|
30 (15.1)
|
2 (66.7)
|
28 (14.3)
| |
22 (14.6)
|
3 (12.5)
|
19 (15.0)
| |
|
Mother’s hospital-associated risk factors (within 6 months prior to delivery)
|
|
Hospitalization
|
37 (18.6)
|
0 (0)
|
37 (18.9)
|
0.538
|
26 (17.2)
|
2 (8.33)
|
24 (18.9)
|
0.169
|
|
History of infection
|
9 (4.5)
|
0 (0)
|
9 (4.6)
|
0.870
|
9 (6.0)
|
1 (4.2)
|
8 (6.3)
|
0.566
|
|
Antibiotic intake
|
6 (3.0)
|
1 (33.3)
|
5 (2.6)
|
0.088
|
6 (4.0)
|
1 (4.2)
|
5 (3.9)
|
0.653
|
|
Household-associated risk factors (within 6 months prior to delivery)
|
|
Number of adults at home
|
2 (1–3)
|
3 (1–4)
|
2 (1–3)
|
0.95
|
2 (1–3)
|
2 (1.5–3)
|
2 (1–3)
|
0.266
|
|
Number of children at home
|
1 (1–2)
|
1 (1–1)
|
1 (1–2)
|
0.64
|
1 (1–2)
|
1 (0–2)
|
1 (1–2)
|
0.214
|
|
Complications during pregnancy
|
|
Any complications
|
22 (11.1)
|
0 (0)
|
22 (11.2)
|
0.702
|
20 (13.3)
|
5 (20.8)
|
15 (11.8)
|
0.189
|
|
Premature rupture of membranes
|
5 (2.51)
|
0 (0)
|
5 (2.6)
|
0.926
|
5 (3.3)
|
2 (8.3)
|
3 (2.4)
|
0.179
|
|
Gestational diabetes
|
6 (3.02)
|
0 (0)
|
6 (3.1)
|
0.912
|
6 (4.0)
|
2 (8.3)
|
4 (3.2)
|
0.243
|
|
Labor induced
|
13 (6.5)
|
0 (0)
|
13 (6.6)
|
1.000
|
11 (7.3)
|
1 (4.2)
|
10 (7.9)
|
1.000
|
|
Mode of delivery
| | | |
0.559
| | | |
0.021
|
|
C-section
|
64 (32.2)
|
0 (0)
|
64 (32.7)
| |
51 (33.6)
|
13 (54.2)
|
38 (29.9)
| |
|
Vaginal
|
134 (67.3)
|
3 (100)
|
131 (66.8)
| |
100 (66.2)
|
11 (45.8)
|
89 (70.1)
| |
|
Difficulties with delivery
| | | |
0.592
| | | |
0.133
|
|
No
|
62 (31.2)
|
0 (0)
|
62 (31.6)
| |
49 (32.5)
|
13 (54.2)
|
36 (28.4)
| |
|
Episiotomy
|
131 (65.8)
|
3 (100)
|
128 (65.3)
| |
97 (64.2)
|
11 (45.8)
|
86 (67.7)
| |
|
Hospitalization/discharge details
|
|
NICU admission
| | | | |
3 (2.0)
|
1 (4.2)
|
2 (1.6)
|
0.407
|
|
Antibiotic started in hospital
| | | | |
3 (2.0)
|
1 (4.2)
|
2 (1.6)
|
0.407
|
|
Hospital stay—Infant (days)
| | | | |
1 (1–2)
|
2 (1–3)
|
1 (1–2)
|
0.060
|
|
Infant reassessment
|
|
Admitted to hospital again
| | | | |
7 (4.6)
|
1 (4.2)
|
6 (4.7)
|
0.692
|
|
In-patient antibiotic use
| | | | |
4 (2.7)
|
0 (0)
|
4 (3.2)
|
1.000
|
|
Out-patient antibiotic use
| | | | |
21 (13.9)
|
6 (25)
|
15 (11.81)
|
0.087
|
|
Housing details
|
|
Refrigerator
| | | | |
102 (67.6)
|
15 (62.5)
|
87 (68.5)
|
0.361
|
|
Running water
| | | | |
140 (92.7)
|
22 (91.7)
|
118 (92.9)
|
0.549
|
|
Toilet type
| | | | | | | |
0.199
|
|
Outdoor squat toilet—private
| | | | |
116 (76.8)
|
23 (95.8)
|
93 (73.2)
| |
|
Outdoor squat toilet—public
| | | | |
32 (21.2)
|
1 (4.2)
|
31 (24.4)
| |
|
Private toilet/commode
| | | | |
2 (1.3)
|
0 (0)
|
2 (1.6)
| |
|
Pets at home
| | | | |
83 (55.0)
|
15 (62.5)
|
68 (53.5)
|
0.653
|
|
Household water treatment methods
| | | | | | |
0.204
| |
|
Boiled
| | | | |
67 (44.4)
|
9 (37.5)
|
58 (45.7)
| |
|
Filtered
| | | | |
21 (13.9)
|
5 (20.8)
|
16 (12.6)
| |
|
None
| | | | |
68 (45.0)
|
9 (37.5)
|
59 (46.5)
| |
|
Colonization
|
|
Mother at enrollment
|
24 (12.1)
|
2 (66.7)
|
22 (11.2)
|
0.054
|
19 (12.6)
|
7 (29.2)
|
12 (9.5)
|
0.026
|
|
Mother at reassessment
| | | | |
26 (17.2)
|
9 (37.5)
|
17 (13.4)
|
0.012
|
|
Infant at enrollment
| | | | |
3 (2.0)
|
2 (8.3)
|
1 (0.8)
|
0.051
|
