Fig. 1

a IPC implementation themes according to each WHO core component at the national level. *Abbreviations: WHO IPC Core Components including 1) Programme: IPC programme; 2) Guidelines: IPC guidelines; 3) Training: IPC education and training; 4) Surveillance: HAI surveillance; 5) MMS: Multidmodal strategies for implementation of IPC interventions; 6) M&E: Monitoring/audit of IPC practices and feedback; 7) Staff&Beds: Workload, staffing and bed occupancy; and 8) Environment: Built environment, materials and equipment for IPC. b IPC implementation themes according to each WHO core component at the acute health care facility level