Table 3 Antimicrobial resistance profile of frequently isolated Gram-negative bacteria, Ethiopia
Antibacterial agent | K. pneumoniae n (%) | Klebsiella spp. n (%) | E. coli n (%) | Enterobacter spp. n (%) | Proteus spp. n (%) | Salmonella spp. n (%) | Shigella spp. n (%) | Citrobacter spp. n (%) | P. aeruginosa n (%) | Acinetobacter spp. n (%) | Campylobacter spp. n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | 242 (66) | 275 (62) | 1531 (59) | 99 (48) | 539 (55) | 63 (30) | 71 (49) | 144 (65) | 367 (67) | 87 (67) | 66 (49) |
Amikacin | 17 (13) | 13 (10) | 36 (10) | 4 (7) | 9 (8) | Â | Â | 19 (49) | 20 (11) | 47 (66) | Â |
Amoxicillin | 76 (83) | Â | 526 (71) | 60 (64) | 240 (68) | 54 (63) | 93 (85) | 72 (77) | 162 (88) | 12 (86) | 32 (80) |
Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid | 167 (61) | 128 (57) | 794 (52) | 29 (64) | 138 (64) | 20 (11) | 13 (20) | 57 (70) | 178 (78) | 30 (44) | 16 (36) |
Ampicillin | 305 (93) | 245 (75) | 1452 (83) | 63 (66) | 570 (77) | 115 (43) | 102 (84) | 107 (74) | 329 (86) | 47 (60) | 74 (53) |
Azithromycin | Â | Â | 11 (32) | Â | 11 (44) | Â | 10 (34) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Aztreonam | 29 (97) | 44 (96) | 116 (97) | 9 (100) | 4 (100) | Â | Â | Â | 16 (59) | Â | Â |
Cefepime | 59 (53) | 7 (23) | 109 (35) | 15 (48) | 19 (38) | Â | Â | 10 (37) | 37 (56) | 41 (85) | Â |
Cefotaxime | 57 (56) | 102 (54) | 270 (45) | 21 (42) | 148 (50) | 8 (36) | Â | 21 (42) | 89 (48) | 56 (68) | Â |
Cefoxitin | 34 (43) | 5 (8) | 120 (37) | 6 (50) | 8 (50) | 13 (8) | 6 (27) | 11 (55) | 15 (42) | Â | Â |
Cefpirome | 24 (100) | 2 (50) | 20 (100) | 3 (100) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Cefuroxime | 9 (50) | Â | 59 (44) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 2 (50) | 1 (33) | Â | Â |
Ceftazidime | 143 (57) | 71 (63) | 384 (52) | 61 (70) | 48 (35) | Â | Â | 17 (19) | 69 (34) | 66 (65) | Â |
Ceftriaxone | 201 (56) | 154 (40) | 677 (38) | 80 (40) | 1076 (72) | 38 (13) | 18 (23) | 80 (32) | 275 (50) | 87 (73) | 10 (10) |
Cefuroxime | 14 (50) | 30 (73) | 84 (41) | 2 (33) | 29 (55) | 2 (100) | Â | 10 (50) | 12 (55) | 31 (86) | Â |
Cephalexin | Â | Â | 50 (53) | 6 (100) | 7 (78) | Â | Â | 3 (33) | 8 (89) | Â | Â |
Cephalothin | 13 (76) | 13 (36) | 237 (49) | 26 (65) | 246 (69) | 28 (18) | 29 (63) | 11 (55) | 70 (59) | 2 (7) | 91 (89) |
Cephazolin | 9 (90) | Â | 22 (92) | Â | 2 (40) | Â | Â | Â | 6 (100) | Â | Â |
Chloramphenicol | 136 (53) | 153 (45) | 767 (36) | 64 (35) | 334 (48) | 62 (20) | 80 (45) | 111 (61) | 289 (53) | 31 (39) | 24 (18) |
Ciprofloxacin | 159 (37) | 112 (25) | 629 (26) | 27 (13) | 73 (11) | 31 (9) | 17 (12) | 56 (25) | 149 (20) | 82 (61) | 20 (13) |
Clindamycin | 4 (17) | 4 (31) | 18 (23) | 5 (56) | 9 (23) | Â | Â | 4 (57) | 11 (28) | 5 (16) | 28 (34) |
Doxycycline | 24 (75) | 67 (67) | 222 (58) | 8 (35) | 177 (68) | 19 (59) | 5 (83) | 30 (70) | 186 (73) | 36 (67) | 16 (20) |
Erythromycin | 21 (27) | 77 (76) | 384 (71) | 57 (80) | 230 (46) | 26 (58) | 23 (88) | 27 (73) | 222 (73) | 25 (44) | 45 (30) |
Gentamicin | 185 (47) | 219 (42) | 852 (29) | 57 (26) | 375 (34) | 33 (11) | 34 (28) | 79 (33) | 217 (27) | 82 (61) | 41 (30) |
Imipenem | Â | 1 (2) | 7 (5) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 15 (37) | Â | Â |
Meropenem | 9 (14) | 2 (4) | 7 (4) | 1 (7) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 14 (39) | 16 (35) | Â |
Moxifloxacin | 24 (80) | Â | 11 (85) | 7 (78) | 1 (25) | Â | Â | Â | 3 (100) | Â | Â |
Nitrofurantoin | 30 (48) | 81 (34) | 151 (14) | 12 (35) | 74 (36) | 45 (27) | Â | 28 (57) | 50 (41) | 4 (29) | Â |
Norfloxacin | 41 (42) | 60 (32) | 182 (21) | 7 (16) | 84 (17) | 24 (18) | 11 (8) | 22 (26) | 55 (24) | 4 (9) | 10 (11) |
Oxacillin | Â | 40 (98) | 70 (85) | 4 (50) | 5 (83) | 4 (100) | Â | 5 (31) | 2 (100) | 2 (100) | Â |
Penicillin | Â | 71 (83) | 160 (78) | 3 (33 | 51 (46) | Â | Â | 2 (15) | 34 (49) | 10 (29) | Â |
Piperacillin-tazobactam | 25 (52) | 20 (43) | 112 (44) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 2 (33) | Â | Â |
Tetracycline | 203 (59) | 173 (56) | 1668 (74) | 97 (51) | 682 (85) | 91 (34) | 93 (70) | 129 (68) | 336 (81) | 28 (56) | 54 (36) |
Tobramycin | 47 (60) | 46 (69) | 205 (63) | 10 (59) | 25 (48) | Â | Â | 10 (37) | 15 (32) | Â | Â |
Range (%) | 13–100 | 2–98 | 4–100 | 7–100 | 8–100 | 8–100 | 8–88 | 15–77 | 11–100 | 7–100 | 10–89 |
Average resistance (%) | 57 | 48 | 50 | 51 | 51 | 37 | 48 | 49 | 55 | 54 | 36 |