Table 5 Disease/clinical condition-based resistance pattern obtained from the current systematic review and comparison with existing Guidelines
Disease | Top pathogens by disease in their order of frequency | STG (drugs recommended [≥ 1 drug(s)] | Resistance n (%) | UpToDate V. 21.6 | Resistance n (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Preferred | Alternative | Preferred | Alternative | Preferred | Alternative | Preferred | Alternative | ||
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) | E. coli K. pneumoniae P. aeruginosa S. aureus Proteus spp. | Ciprofloxacin Norfloxacin | Nitrofurantoin Cefpodoxime proxetil Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Ceftriaxone | 518(30) 207(31) | 262(18) 123(37) 1038(57) 501(36) | Nitrofurantoin Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Fosfomycin Ciprofloxacin Ceftriaxone | Pivmecillinam | 262 (18) 1038(57) 518 (30) 681 (32) | No data |
Diarrhea | S. aureus Klebsiella spp. Campylobacter Salmonella Shigella | Ciprofloxacin | Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, Ceftriaxone | 70 (10) | 388 (57) 34 (9) | Ciprofloxacin Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Azithromycin Ceftriaxone | Ampicillin Amoxicillin | 70 (10) 388(57) 10 (34) 34 (9) | 115 (60) 476 (71) |
Surgical Site Infection (SSI) | S. aureus E. coli K. pneumoniae CoNS P. aeruginosa | Cefazolin Ciprofloxacin | Cefuroxime Metronidazole Penicillin G | 6166(45)7 (92) | 60 (85) No data 139(67) | Cefazolin Cefuroxime Metronidazole Ampicillin-sub lactam | Vancomycin Gentamicin Clindamycin Ciprofloxacin Levofloxacin Aztreonam | 6166(45) 60 (85) No data No data | 1 (1) 253 (52) 64 (36) 166 (45) No data No data |
Pneumonia | S. pneumoniae K. pneumoniae S. aureus E. coli H. influenza | Clarithromycin Amoxicillin | Azithromycin Doxycycline Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid | No data 14 (88) | No data 7 (8) 34 (40) | Amoxicillin | Â | 14 (88) | Â |
Severe pneumonia | Â | Ceftriaxone Penicillin G Azithromycin Clarithromycin | Â | 110 (46) 38 (32) No data No data | Â | Ampicillin Gentamicin | Ceftriaxone | 112 (90) 75 (42) | 110 (46) |
Hospital Acquired pneumonia | Â | Ceftazidime Vancomycin Imipenem Meropenem | Gentamicin Ciprofloxacin Ceftriaxone | 56 (58) No data No data No data | 75 (42) 37 (27) | Vancomycin Linezolid Ticarcillin Piperacillin Tigecycline Telavancin Naficillin Oxacillin Imipenem-cilastatin, Ertapenem Meropenem doripenem | No data No data No data No data | Â | Â |
Aspiration pneumonia | Â | Metronidazole Ceftriaxone Clindamycin | Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid | No data 47 (33) | Â | Penicillin Metronidazole Amoxycillin | Levofloxacin Macrolides Cephalosporin | No data No data | No data No data |
Sepsis (neonatal) | Â | Ampicillin Gentamicin | Penicillin G Gentamicin | 184 (68) 155 (52) | 155 (52) | Ampicillin Gentamicin | Ceftriaxone | 184 (68) 155 (52) | 76 (35) |
Ocular infections (Bacterial conjunctivitis And neonatal conjunctivitis) | S. aureus CoNs E. coli S. pyogenes S. pneumoniae | Chloramphenicol Crystalline Pencil line | Tetracycline Gentamicin Ciprofloxacin Tobramycin Ceftriaxone Cefotaxime | 154 (28) | 271 (48) 125 (26) 109 (17) No data | Erythromycin Trimethoprim | Bacitracin Sulfacetamide Polymyxin-bacitracin Fluoroquinolone Azithromycin | 182 (39) 162 (33) | No data No data 109 (17) No data |
Vaginal infections (discharge | S. aureus E. coli S. pneumoniae K. pneumoniae Enterococci | Ceftriaxone Doxycycline Metronidazole | Clindamycin Erythromycin Azithromycin Tinidazole Ciprofloxacin | 27 (31) No data No data No data | 58 (33) 95 (46) No data No data 69 (25) | Azithromycin Doxycycline Ceftriaxone Clindamycin Metronidazole | Ofloxacin Levofloxacin Spectinomycin Tinidazole Secnidazole | No data No data 27 (31) 58 (33) No data | No data No data No data No data No data |
Middle ear infections | S. aureus Proteus spp. P. aeruginosa Klebsiella spp. E. coli | Amoxicillin | Ampicillin Amoxicillin/Clavulanate Ciprofloxacin Chloramphenicol Ceframed | 584 (74) | 1077 (77) 433 (66) 197 (14) 701 (43) No data | Amoxicillin | Cefdinir Cefpodoxime Cefuroxime Ceftriaxone Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole | 584 (74) | No data No data 1425 (70) 1148 (54) |