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Table 1 Literature search and study characteristic

From: Effectiveness of chlorhexidine in preventing infections among patients undergoing cardiac surgeries: a meta-analysis and systematic review

Author, year

Location

Design

Patients, n

Method of application

Intervention

Frequency of treatment

Age, year

CHX

Control

CHX

Control

CHX

Control

Oral rinse

DeRiso [32]

USA

RCT

173

180

Oral rinse

0.12% CHX gluconate

Placebo with comparable color, taste, and smell

2 times a day until ICU discharge

64.1 ± 0.86

63.5 ± 0.84

Houston [33]

USA

RCT

270

291

Oral rinse

0.12% CHX gluconate

\

\

\

\

Segers [34]

USA

RCT

485

469

Oral rinse

0.12% CHX gluconate

Placebo with comparable color, taste, and smell

4 times daily until the day after surgery

65.3 ± 10.4

66.4 ± 9.9

Jacomo [35]

Brazil

RCT

87

73

Oral rinse

0.12% CHX gluconate

Placebo with comparable color, taste and smell

2 times daily until discharge or death

12.2(0–176) months

10.8(0–204) months

Nicolosi [37]

Argentina

Prospective cohort

150

150

Oral rinse

0.12% CHX gluconate

Without CHX

Every 12 h for 3 days

62.3 ± 12.4

63.1 ± 9.3

Skin antiseptic

Hannan [38]

Ireland

Prospective cohort

480

363

Pre-operative Skin antiseptic

2% CHX in 70% alcohol

70% alcohol

\

68 (61–74)

68 (61–75)

Madej [39]

Germany

Prospective cohort

1523

1462

Pre-operative Skin antiseptic

2% CHX combined with 70% IPA

55% IPA

\

67.9 ± 9.9

68.1 ± 9.9

Raja [40]

UK

Prospective cohort

738

738

Pre-operative Skin antiseptic

2% CHX in 70% alcohol

10% IPA

\

\

\

Qintar [43]

USA

Retrospective cohort

1436

1356

Pre-operative skin antiseptic

CHX in alcohol

IPA

\

66 ± 14.14

65.69 ± 15.07

Disinfection of surgical-related appliances

Levy [36]

Israel

RCT

74

71

CHX-impregnated sponge

CHX-impregnated sponge covered with a transparent polyurethane

Transparent polyurethane

\

21 ± 37

31 ± 43

Kohler [41]

Switzerland

Prospective cohort

646

945

Whole-body shower

4% CHX digluconate

Without CHX

Once daily

64.4 ± 13.5

65.2 ± 13.0

Yeo [42]

Korea

Prospective cohort

96

96

Pre-operative disinfection of circuits and hubs

2% CHX + IPA

Without CHX

\

59.4 ± 15.2

56.7 ± 13.4

Abboud [44]

Brazil

Retrospective cohort

82

64

Bathing with CHX-impregnated washcloths

2% CHX

Without CHX

Once-daily

\

\

Thompson [45]

USA

Case–control

1995

643

Bathing with CHX-impregnated washcloths

2% CHX

Without CHX

Once-daily

\

\

  1. CHX chlorhexidine, IPA isopropyl alcohol