Table 3 Antibiotic use one year prior to and after implementing selective reporting and change from prior to after implementation period in the Helios Clinics of Schwerin (S) and the reference clinic (R), estimated monthly use (RDD/100 BD), 95% CI

Selectively reported antibiotics

 Flucloxacillin iv + Cefazolin iv

0.88

(0.75; 1.01)

0.75

(0.65; 0.85)

0.13

(−0.03; 0.30)

1.48

(1.29; 1.68)

0.94

(0.77; 1.10)

0.27

(−0.11; 0.65)

−0.45

(−0.81; −0.08)

0.72

(0.20; 1.23)

p = 0.111

p  = 0.158

p = 0.019

p = 0.007

 Cefalexin po

0.29

0.19

0.10

1.35

0.27

1.01

−0.14

1.15

(0.20; 0.38)

(0.05; 0.34)

(−0.07; 0.27)

(1.15; 1.55)

(0.19; 0.35)

(0.45; 1.56)

(−0.46; 0.17)

(0.53; 1.77)

p = 0.239

p = 0.001

p = 0.356

p = 0.001

 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

0.76

(0.54; 0.98)

2.21

(1.87; 2.56)

−1.45

(−1.87; −1.04)

1.12

(0.98; 1.27)

1.42

(1.19; 1.65)

0.14

(−0.40; 0.69)

−1.01

(−1.80; −0.22)

1.15

(0.22; 2.09)

p < 0.001

p = 0.590

p = 0.015

p = 0.017

 Clindamycin iv/po

1.44

(1.26; 1.62)

1.27

(1.09; 1.45)

0.17

(−0.08; 0.43)

1.37

(1.13; 1.61)

1.05

(0.84; 1.25)

−0.20

(−0.91; 0.50)

−0.08

(−0.63; 0.46)

−0.12

(−0.98; 0.75)

p = 0.177

p = 0.557

p = 0.751

p = 0.787

 Sum of above named selectively reported antibiotics

3.38

(2.99; 3.77)

4.42

(3.85; 5.00)

−1.05

(−1.75; −0.35)

5.34

(4.97; 5.70)

3.67

(3.46; 3.88)

1.22

(−0.06; 2.49)

−1.68

(−2.89; −0.48)

2.90

(1.21; 4.60)

p = 0.005

p = 0.060

p = 0.008

p = 0.001

Combination therapy only

 Gentamicin iv

0.41

(0.32; 0.50)

0.28

(0.16; 0.40)

0.13

(−0.04; 0.30)

0.40

(0.26; 0.54)

0.58

(0.19; 0.98)

0.13

(−0.07; 0.34)

0.18

(−0.50; 0.86)

−0.05

(−0.73; 0.64)

p = 0.119

p = 0.185

p = 0.587

p = 0.891

 Rifampin iv/po

0.57

(0.42; 0.73)

0.31

(0.23; 0.38)

0.27

(0.09; 0.44)

0.59

(0.37; 0.81)

0.50

(0.30; 0.70)

0.18

(−0.32; 0.68)

0.23

(−0.14; 0.59)

−0.05

(−0.65; 0.55)

p = 0.004

p = 0.462

p = 0.206

p = 0.867

 Fosfomycin iv

0.03

(0.01; 0.06)

0.00

(−0.00; 0.01)

0.03

(0.01; 0.05)

0.04

(0.01; 0.07)

0.02

(−0.01; 0.05)

0.00

(−0.06; 0.06)

−0.02

(−0.06; 0.01)

0.03

(−0.04; 0.09)

p = 0.017

p = 0.978

p = 0.126

p = 0.426

No longer reported antibiotics

 Ampicillin-sulbactam + Amoxicillin-clavunate iv/po

5.49

(4.97; 6.01)

4.28

(3.91; 4.65)

1.21

(0.57; 1.86)

5.77

(5.38; 6.15)

4.45

(4.00; 4.89)

1.34

(0.27; 2.40)

0.15

(−0.96; 1.25)

1.19

(−0.29; 2.67)

p = 0.001

p = 0.016

p = 0.786

p = 0.113

 Piperacillin-tazobactam iv

3.91

(3.56; 4.25)

5.57

(5.08; 6.07)

−1.66

(−2.28; −1.04)

4.50

(4.09; 4.91)

5.86

(5.43; 6.30)

0.56

(−0.42; 1.55)

1.08

(−0.15; 2.30)

−0.51

(−2.04; 1.01)

p < 0.001

p = 0.247

p = 0.082

p = 0.501

 Cefuroxime iv/po

6.16

(5.86; 6.46)

3.97

(3.68; 4.25)

2.20

(1.78; 2.61)

3.77

(3.55; 3.99)

2.21

(1.88; 2.55)

−0.53

(−1.18; 0.13)

−0.43

(−1.32; 0.45)

−0.09

(−1.16; 0.97)

p < 0.001

p = 0.110

p = 0.321

p = 0.860

 Ceftriaxone iv

3.39

(3.09; 3.68)

2.96

(2.58; 3.35)

0.42

(−0.09; 0.93)

3.75

(3.38; 4.11)

3.10

(2.58; 3.62)

−0.22

(−1.11; 0.68)

0.70

(−0.73; 2.14)

−0.92

(−2.56; 0.72)

p = 0.101

p = 0.618

p = 0.318

p = 0.262

 Imipenem-cilastatin iv + Meropenem iv

1.97

(1.74; 2.20)

2.43

(2.23; 2.62)

−0.46

(−0.76; −0.15)

2.35

(2.10; 2.60)

2.30

(2.01; 2.59)

0.29

(−0.48; 1.06)

−0.63

(−1.26; −0.01)

0.92

(−0.03; 1.88)

p = 0.005

p = 0.440

p = 0.047

p = 0.059

 Ciprofloxacin iv/po

3.37

(3.01; 3.73)

4.09

(3.64; 4.55)

−0.72

(−1.40; −0.05)

3.56

(3.29; 3.83)

3.48

(3.02; 3.93)

−0.50

(−1.48; 0.48)

−0.71

(−1.69; 0.26)

0. 21

(−1.12; 1.55)

p = 0.038

p = 0.298

p = 0.142

p = 0.749

 Vancomycin iv

0.97

(0.85; 1.08)

1.69

(1.48; 1.90)

−0.73

(−0.97; −0.48)

0.94

(0.80; 1.09)

1.58

(1.41; 1.76)

0.37

(0.06; 0.68)

−0.32

(−0.92; 0.27)

0.69

(0.05; 1.34)

p < 0.001

p = 0.023

p = 0.266

p = 0.036

 Linezolid iv/po

0.37

(0.28; 0.46)

0.43

(0.33; 0.52)

−0.05

(−0.19; 0.09)

0.39

(0.32; 0.45)

0.37

(0.31; 0.43)

−0.17

(−0.36; 0.03)

0.01

(−0.29; 0.31)

−0.18

(−0.53; 0.17)

p = 0.442

p = 0.097

p = 0.943

p = 0.315

 Doxycycline iv/po

0.50

(0.23; 0.77)

0.22

(0.10; 0.34)

0.28

(−0.01; 0.58)

0.67

(0.56; 0.79)

0.58

(0.44; 0.73)

−0.04

(−0.56; 0.48)

0.00

(−0.34; 0.34)

−0.04

(−0.64; 0.57)

p = 0.061

p = 0.882

p = 1.000

p = 0.901

 Daptomycin iv

0.04

(0.01; 0.08)

0.01

(−0.00; 0.03)

0.03

(−0.01; 0.07)

0.10

(0.04; 0.16)

0.02

(−0.00; 0.04)

0.08

(−0.03; 0.20)

−0.04

(−0.10; 0.02)

0.13

(0.00; 0.26)

p = 0.124

p = 0.148

p = 0.136

p = 0.047

 Sum of above named no longer reported antibiotics

42.36

(40.59; 44.14)

42.42

(40.17; 44.66)

−0.05

(−2.97; 2.87)

44.47

(42.87; 46.07)

40.69

(38.87; 42.51)

5.34

(−0.06; 10.74)

1.06

(−4.33; 6.44)

4.28

(−3.11; 11.67)

p = 0.971

p = 0.052

p = 0.686

p = 0.249

Total antibiotic use iv/po

43.25

(41.45; 45.04)

43.16

(40.89; 45.44)

0.08

(−2.88; 3.04)

45.96

(44.37; 47.54)

41.62

(39.70; 43.55)

5.61

(0.24; 10.97)

0.61

(−5.04; 6.26)

5.00

(−2.56; 12.55)

p = 0.955

p = 0.041

p = 0.824

p = 0.189

Incidence of nosocomial infections with Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile associated cases / 100 total cases)

0.09

(0.06; 0.11)

0.30

(0.21; 0.38)

−0.21

(−0.30; −0.12)

0.04

(0.02; 0.06)

0.21

(0.16; 0.26)

−0.03

(−0.10; 0.03)

0.07

(−0.11; 0.24)

−0.10

(−0.28; 0.08)

p < 0.001

p = 0.289

p = 0.451

p = 0.281