Table 2 Characteristics of studies on drug resistance traits of medically important bacteria isolated from commercial herbal medicine in Africa from 2000 to 2021 (N = 18)
First author, year | Country | Malady | Study design | Sampling technique | Sample size | SRB (N) | Total bacteria isolated | Bacteria Screened | Bacteria ROD [N, (%)]; Species | MDR Bacteria [N, (%)]; Species | Least potent drugs | MDR phenotypes/genotypes | Resistance Plasmids (N) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abdela et al. 2016 | Ethiopia | UTI, Mycoses, Cancer, Paralysis, Diarrhea, Malaria | CSD | Purposive | 55 | 50 | 150 | 150 | 131, (87.3%); E. coli, S. aureus, S. pyogenes, P. aeruginosa, Bacillus spp., E. cloacae, S. dysenteriae, K. pneumoniae, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, Salmonella spp., Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Providencia spp., Citrobacter spp., Serratia spp., Acinetobacter spp. | 125, (83.4%); Salmonella spp., Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Providencia spp., Citrobacter spp., Serratia spp., Acinetobacter spp., E. coli, S. aureus, S. pyogenes, P. aeruginosa, Bacillus spp., E. cloacae, S. dysenteriae, K. pneumoniae, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus | Ampicillin*, AMC** | NT | NT | [34] |
Kidus et al. 2020 | Ethiopia | Jaundice, Constipation | CSD | Purposive | 50 | 18 | 39 | 39 | 25, (64%); E. coli, Bacillus spp., Micrococcus spp. | 13, (33.3%); Bacillus spp., E. coli | Ampicillin*, Rifampicin** | NT | NT | [35] |
Keter et al. 2016 | Kenya | Malaria, Typhoid, Hypertension, Pneumonia, allergies, STDs, Cancer, Diabetes, Impotence, Wounds, UTIs, HIV | Exp, Ept | Purposive | 100 | 13 | 164 | 106 | 14; (13.2%); S. intermedius, S. erwania, Proteus spp., Shigella spp., K. pneumonia, E. coli, Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp. | 3, (2.8%); K. pneumoniae, Shigella spp., S. erwania, Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp., E. coli, Citrobacter spp. | Cefepime*, Cefotaxime** | NT | NT | [36] |
Korir et al. 2017 | Kenya | Unspecified | Exp, Ept | Purposive | 138 | 35 | 101 | 96 | 96, (100%); E. cloacae, P. penneri, C. diversus, E. aerogenes, K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae | 2; (2%); E. cloacae | Ceftazidime*, Cefotaxime** | ESBL | NT | [14] |
Oluwasegun et al. 2018 | Nigeria | Unspecified | LSD | Purposive | 32 | 32 | 41 | 24 | 24, (100%); E. coli, V. chole, S. typhi, S. aureus | 20, (83%); V. cholerae S. typhi, S. aureus,E. coli | Ceftazidime*, Ciprofloxacin** | NT | NT | [37] |
Archibong et al. 2017 | Nigeria | Unspecified | CSD | Purposive | 60 | 49 | 94 | 50 | 50, (100%); Bacillus spp., Streptococcus spp., A. baumannii, E. coli | 15, (30%); E. coli,Bacillus spp., Enterobacter spp., S. aureus | Streptomycin*, AMC** | NT | NT | [38] |
Stanley et al. 2018 | Nigeria | Unspecified | CSD | Random | 40 | 18 | 30 | 30 | 22, (73%); E. coli, S. aureus, Klebsiella spp., P. aeruginosa | 20, (67%); E. coli, S. aureus, Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp. | Ceftazidime*, Ciprofloxacin** | NT | NT | [39] |
Abba et al. 2009 | Nigeria | Unspecified | CSD | Random | 150 | 0 | 285 | 285 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NT | NT | [40] |
Ejukonemu et al. 2019 | Nigeria | Typhoid, Malaria, Erectiledysfunction, general Infections, Rheumatism | CSD | Random | 25 | 25 | 53 | 53 | 53, (100%); Klebsiella spp.,E. coli, Salmonella spp., S. aureus, P. mirabilis, Enterobacter spp. | 53, (100%); Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp., E. coli, S. aureus, Proteus spp. | Ampicillin*, Ceporex** | NT | NT | [41] |
Osungunna et al. 2010 | Nigeria | Annal fistula | CSD | Purposive | 10 | 10 | 20 | 20 | 17, (85%); P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., S. aureus | 0 | Nalidixic acid*, Ofloxacin** | NT | NT | [42] |
Esimone et al. 2007 | Nigeria | Unspecified | CSD | Random | 26 | 11 | 75 | 75 | 75, 100%; B. cereus, B. subtilis, E. coli, Streptococcus spp., S. epidermidis, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, Serratia spp., Lactobacillus spp., Citrobacter spp., Listeria spp., P. aeruginosa | 75, 100%; B. cereus, B. subtilis, E. coli,Streptococcus spp., S. epidermidis, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, Serratia spp., Lactobacillus spp, Citrobacter spp., Listeria spp., P. aeruginosa | Cefuroxime*, Nitrofurantoin** | NT | NT | [43] |
Omoruyi et al. 2017 | Nigeria | Unspecified | CSD | Random | 10 | 10 | 10 | 6 | 6, (100%); E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Citrobacter spp., Serratia spp. | 6; 100%; E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Citrobacter spp., Serratia spp. | Ceftazidime*, AMC** | ESBL | NT | [44] |
Ujam et al. 2013 | Nigeria | Unspecified | CSD | Random | 20 | 18 | 49 | 45 | 45, 100%; E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Staphylococcusspp., Salmonella spp., Streptococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Proteus spp., Yersinia spp., C. diphtheria | 45, (100%); E. coli, P. aeruginosa S. aureus, Salmonella spp., Streptococcusspp, Bacillus spp., Proteus spp., Yersinia spp., C. diphtheria | Cotrimoxazole*, Ampicillin** | NT | NT | [45] |
Braide et al. 2013 | Nigeria | Typhoid, STDs, Piles, Stomach aches, Diabetes, Headache,Skin infections, Toothache | CSD | Random | 10 | 10 | 45 | 34 | 34, (100%); S. aureus, E. faecalis, B. subtilis, C. diphtheriae, M. luteus | 0 | Amoxicillin*, Chloramphenicol** | NT | NT | [46] |
Nwankwo et al. 2021 | Nigeria | Unspecified | CSD | Unspecified | 150 | 130 | 315 | 274 | 274, (100%); Salmonella spp, E. coli, P. vulgaris, Citrobacter freundii, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia,S. aureus, Streptococcus spp. | 98, (36%); Salmonella spp., E. coli, Proteus spp., K. pneumoniae | AMC*, Ciprofloxacin** | ESBL | 6 | [47] |
Govender et al. 2006 | South Africa | HIV/AIDS-related complications | CSD | Unspecified | 15 | 10 | 32 | 20 | 16, (80%); S. aureus, B. cereus | 5, (31%); S. aureus | Methicillin*, Vancomycin** | NT | NT | [29] |
Kira 2015 | Tanzania | Unspecified | CSD | Random | 50 | 9 | 40 | 32 | 17, (43%); S. aureus, E. coli | 5, (16%); E. coli, S. aureus | Vancomycin*, Cefotaxime** | NT | NT | [48] |
Niyoshima 2016 | Uganda | Unspecified | CSD | Random | 170 | 37 | 69 | 60 | 60, (100%); S. aureus | 0 | Penicillin* | NT | NT | [49] |