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Table 4 Antibacterial drugs and drug classes that were reported by single studies, to be the least potent among bacterial contaminants of herbal medicines in Africa, 2000–2021

From: Antibiotic-resistance in medically important bacteria isolated from commercial herbal medicines in Africa from 2000 to 2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Drug

Number studies

Isolates screened (N)

Resistant isolates N (%)

χ2

P-value

Augmentin

1

274

154 (56.2)

  

Cefepime

1

106

67 (63.2)

0.937

0.3331

Streptomycin

1

50

50 (100.0)

32.558

 < 0.0001

Cefuroxime

1

75

75 (100.0)

46.363

 < 0.0001

Nalidixic acid

1

20

17 (85.0)

5.221

0.0223

Co-trimoxazole

1

45

45 (100.0)

29.667

 < 0.0001

Amoxicillin

1

34

34 (100.0)

23.101

 < 0.0001

Methicillin

1

20

16 (80.0)

3.360

0.0668

Vancomycin

1

32

17 (53.1)

0.0593

0.8076

Penicillin

1

60

60 (100.0)

38.197

 < 0.0001

Drug class

Glycopeptides

1

32

17 (53.1)

  

2nd generation Cephalosporins

1

75

75 (100.0)

38.094

 < 0.0001

4th generation Cephalosporins

1

106

67 (63.2)

0.575

0.4481

Aminoglycosides

1

50

50 (100.0)

26.220

 < 0.0001

Quinolones

1

20

17 (85.0)

3.928

0.0475

Sulfonamides

1

45

45 (100.0)

23.829

 < 0.0001

β-lactam + β-lactamase inhibitor

1

274

274 (100.0)

131.672

 < 0.0001

  1. Bolded P-values are not significant
  2. χ2 = Chi-squareÂ