Table 5 Drug-resistance genes and plasmids identified in bacteria isolated from commercial herbal medicines in Africa from 2000 to 2021
Isolates screened (N) | MDR Phenotypes/genotypes | Isolates with MDR phenotypes/genotypes | |
|---|---|---|---|
N, (%) | Species | ||
(a) Multi-drug resistance phenotypes and/or genotypes | |||
06 | ESBL | 1, (17.0%) | K. pneumoniae |
98 | ESBL | 13, (13.3%) | Salmonella spp. |
13 | ESBL | 4, (30.8%) | E. coli |
13 | ESBL | 4, (30.8%) | P. vulgaris |
13 | ESBL | 3, (23.1%) | K. pneumoniae |
96 | blaCTX-M -ESBL | 33, (34.4%) | P. penneri, K. pneumoniae, C. diversus, E. cloacae, M. morganii |
blaCMY-ESBL | 31, (32.3%) | E. cloacae, E. aerogenes, K. pneumoniae | |
Σ = 239 |  | Σ = 89 (37.2%) |  |
Isolates tested (N) | Resistance plasmids detected | Isolates with drug resistance plasmids | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | MW(Kb) | N, (%) | Species | |
(b) Resistance plasmids | ||||
16 | 1 | 9416 | 1 (6.3%) | Salmonella spp. |
11 | 2 | 23,130 | 2 (18.2%) | P. vulgaris |
1 | 2322 | 1 (9.1%) | ||
1 | 9416 | 1 (9.1%) | ||
1 | 2322 | 1 (9.1%) | ||
47 | 0 | Nil | 0 (0.0%) | Escherichia coli |
29 | 0 | Nil | 0 (0.0%) | Klebsiella pneumoniae |
Σ = 103 | Σ = 06 |  | Σ = 06 (5.8%) |  |